Ukuthatha okhiye
Amaketango okunikezela ahlanganisa yonke inqubo yokwakha umkhiqizo, kusukela ekukhiqizeni izinto ezingavuthiwe kuya ekuthengisweni kwezimpahla noma amasevisi kubathengi.
Amaketango okuhlinzeka aphethwe kahle angathuthukisa inzuzo, ukusebenza kahle kanye nobudlelwano bamakhasimende.
Ubunkimbinkimbi bamaketanga okuhlinzeka ngempahla yesimanje buwashiya engcupheni yokuphazamiseka, okwenza ukuhlaziya ubungozi obusebenzayo kanye nokulawulwa kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla kubaluleke kakhulu empumelelweni.
Amaketanga okuhlinzeka asebenza emnyombweni wemisebenzi yebhizinisi futhi alolonge impumelelo yezimboni emhlabeni wonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uqhuba ibhizinisi elincane noma usebenzela inkampani yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuqonda - nokuphatha ngendlela efanele - uchungechunge lwakho lokuhlinzeka lubalulekile. Ake siqale ekuqaleni.
Ayini ama-supply chain?
Amaketanga okuhlinzeka ngamasistimu aguquguqukayo akhiwe izigaba, lapho zihlangene, zixhuma izinto zokusetshenziswa ukuze kuphele abathengi. Zonke izigaba zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwebhizinisi futhi zonke zincike kwelinye, zidinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela ukuze kudaleke ukugeleza kwezimpahla okungenazihibe.
Yiziphi izigaba ku-supply chain?
Iketango ngalinye lokuhlinzeka lihlukile kuye ngezimpahla noma izinsiza ezikhiqizwayo, kodwa ngokuvamile alandela indlela efanayo. Ukuze sihlukanise izigaba ezixhumene ochungechungeni lokunikezela olujwayelekile, sizosebenzisa ideski lokhuni njengomkhiqizo oyisibonelo.
Procurement
Ukuthola izinto ezingahluziwe ezakha umkhiqizo kuyisigaba sokuqala sochungechunge lokuhlinzeka. Uma umkhiqizo kuyisevisi, isigaba sokuqala sibandakanya ukuthengwa kwezinto ezidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe isevisi. Esibonelweni sedeski, ukuthenga kuzohlanganisa ukutshala nokuvuna izingodo ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha isakhiwo sedeski, kanye nokumba nokuncibilikisa izinsimbi ezidingekayo kwizikulufu nanoma yiziphi izinsimbi.
Production
Izinto zokusetshenziswa zibe seziqhubekela kubakhiqizi abakhiqiza izingxenye zomkhiqizo wokugcina. Umkhiqizi wokhuni angase athathe izingodo azinqume ngosayizi, kuyilapho umenzi wensimbi ephendula ama-spools ocingo lwensimbi abe izikulufu.
Assembly
Kulesi sigaba se-supply chain, abakhiqizi bomkhiqizo bahlanganisa izingxenye. Esibonelweni sethu, umenzi angakha ideski esebenzisa ukhuni nezikulufu noma izingxenye zensimbi. Umkhiqizi kulesi sigaba angase abhoboze izimbobo bese enqwabelanisa ukhuni oluqediwe ukuze akhe iphakethe eliyisicaba elihamba ngezikulufu ezidingekayo.
ukusatshalaliswa
Ngemuva kokukhiqiza, umkhiqizo oqediwe udinga ukufinyelela kumsebenzisi wokugcina. Yilapho ukusabalalisa kungena khona. Ngokuya ngemodeli yebhizinisi yenkampani, umkhiqizo ungase udluliselwe kuma-wholesale uye ezitolo noma ungase uthunyelwe ngokuqondile usuka kubakhiqizi uye kubathengisi - ngisho nabathengi. Kulesi sibonelo, umenzi uthengisa ideski kumthengisi obese elithengisa esitolo sefenisha.
ukusetshenziswa
Ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo, noma ngabe umuhle noma isevisi, yisigaba sokugcina ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka olujwayelekile. Kulesi sinyathelo, umthengi uthenga umkhiqizo kumthengisi (noma ngokuqondile kumkhiqizi) ukuze awusebenzise ngamunye, noma awuthenge futhi asebenzise isevisi kumnikezeli wesevisi. Isibonelo, kulesi sinyathelo ikhasimende liya esitolo sefenisha futhi lithenge ideski elizolisebenzisa ehhovisi lasekhaya.
Ahluka kanjani amaketanga kuzo zonke izimboni?
Amaketango okuhlinzeka angahluka kakhulu kuye ngomkhiqizo noma isevisi ekhiqizwayo. Ngobubanzi, imikhiqizo ivama ukulandela uchungechunge olufanayo lokuhlinzeka njengesibonelo sedeski lokhuni, nakuba imikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi efana nomshini noma izinto zikagesi ngokwemvelo ihilela izingxenye eziningi ezivela emithonjeni ebanzi ebanzi.
I-supply chain yesevisi ihluke kancane, ngokuthi amakhasimende noma amakhasimende awathengi umkhiqizo ophathekayo. Isibonelo, embonini yezobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe kungena esikhundleni sesiteji sokukhiqiza, kuyilapho ukufinyelela okusekelwe emafini nokulandwa kwabathengi kumelela ukusatshalaliswa nokusetshenziswa. Ukuqonda amaketanga okunikezwa kwesevisi kudinga ukushintsha kombono, kugxilwe kancane ekugelezeni ngokomzimba nangaphezulu ekuhambeni kolwazi nokusebenzisana okudala nokuletha inani kukhasimende.
Kungani ama-supply chain ebalulekile ebhizinisini?
Amaketanga okuhlinzeka angaphezulu nje kwendlela yokuhambisa imikhiqizo: asebenza njengeziteshi ezibucayi ezixhuma izinkampani namakhasimende azo. Amaketango okuhlinzeka futhi ayingxenye ebalulekile yesu lebhizinisi, futhi angathinta kakhulu inzuzo kanye nobudlelwano bamakhasimende.
Ukusebenza kahle kanye nenzuzo
Ekugcineni, ukuhlela isu elisebenza kahle kakhulu lokuthola kusuka ezintweni ezingavuthiwe kuye ekugcineni komthengi kungasindisa izinsiza - okuhlanganisa isikhathi - futhi kunciphise ingcindezi. Uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa olulungiselelwe luholela ekusebenzeni kahle, okubuye kuthuthukise inzuzo ngokunciphisa izindleko ezihambisana nokukhiqiza, ezokuthutha kanye nokugcinwa.
Ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende
Amaketanga okuhlinzeka nawo athinta ngqo umuzwa wamakhasimende. Uchungechunge lokunikezela olulawulwa kahle luqinisekisa ukuthi amakhasimende athola imikhiqizo ngokushesha, ngentengo nekhwalithi ayifunayo. Ukuthola lezi zici kahle kuthuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwekhasimende futhi kusiza ukwakha ukwethembeka kwamakhasimende.
Inzuzo yokuncintisana
Ukuba ne-supply chain esebenzayo kungaba inzuzo enkulu yokuncintisana. Izinkampani zigqama emqhudelwaneni lapho ziletha imikhiqizo ngokushesha futhi ngamaphutha ambalwa, ngekhwalithi ephezulu noma ngenani eliphansi.
Ukuphathwa kweengozi
Ngokuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya ubungozi ekuhleleni i-supply chain, amabhizinisi angakwazi ukuhlonza ubuthakathaka obungaba khona noma ukuphazamiseka ochungechungeni futhi asebenzise izinyathelo zangaphambili zokugwema noma zokunciphisa umonakalo. Uma ungumphathi we-supply chain noma uchwepheshe wokuthenga, uzofuna ukucabangela ukusebenzisa uhlaka lokulawula ubungozi.
Ngabe umqondo wokuhlinzeka kanye nesidingo uwathinta kanjani amaketanga wokuhlinzeka?
Umgomo wezomnotho wokuhlinzeka nokufunwa ubonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokutholakala, noma ukunikezwa, komkhiqizo othile kanye nesidingo noma isifiso sawo phakathi kwabathengi ngamanani ahlukahlukene. Umgomo unomthelela obalulekile kumaketanga okuhlinzeka.
Izinto eziningi zingaba nomthelela ekuhlinzekweni, okuhlanganisa ukutholakala kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, izindleko zokukhiqiza, ukuguquguquka kwemakethe yezabasebenzi kanye nokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe. Okuncanyelwayo ngabathengi, amazinga emali engenayo, kanye nentengo yezimpahla ezishintshayo ngezinye zezinto ezithinta isidingo. Uma sibuyela esibonelweni sedeski, ukunikezwa kungase kwehle uma umkhiqizi omkhulu efadalala - noma kwenyuke uma abakhiqizi abasha, ababiza kancane bengena embonini. Ngaleso sikhathi, isidingo singase sehle uma ukuzethemba kwabathengi noma umholo wehla, noma kwenyuke uma abantu abaningi beqala ukusebenzela ekhaya.
Esimeni esikahle semakethe, ukuphambana kokuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo kunquma inani lomkhiqizo noma isevisi. Ukuqonda lesi simiso kubalulekile ekuphathweni okuphumelelayo kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla njengoba kusiza amabhizinisi abikezele izitayela zezimakethe, athuthukise amazinga okusungula futhi enze izinqumo zamasu ukuze kuqinisekiswe inzuzo nokwaneliseka kwamakhasimende.
Kuyini ukuphathwa kokuthengwa kwempahla?
Ukuphathwa kwe-Supply chain management (SCM) imayelana nokwengamela kanye nokwenza kahle ukuhamba kwezimpahla, idatha kanye nezezimali njengoba kuhamba phakathi kwabahlinzeki, abakhiqizi, abathengisi bezitolo, abathengisi nabathengi. Emgogodleni wayo, i-SCM ihlose ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle nokunciphisa izindleko.
Abaphathi bochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla basebenzisa amasu namathuluzi amaningi ukufeza lezi zinhloso:
- Funa ukubikezela ibikezela ukuthi amakhasimende azofuna umkhiqizo noma isevisi, ukuthi azothenga malini nokuthi azimisele ukukukhokhela ini. Ukwenza lokhu kuhlaziya kuzosho ukuthi amabhizinisi angaba nesitoko esanele noma umthamo wesevisi ukuze ahlangabezane nesidingo kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo enciphisa imfucuza ngokungagcwalisi noma ukuba nabasebenzi abaningi nengqalasizinda kunalokho okudingekayo.
- Ukuphathwa kwempahla iqinisekisa ukuthi inkampani inomkhiqizo owanele esandleni (noma abasebenzi abazohlinzeka ngezinsizakalo) ukuhlangabezana nesidingo - kodwa hhayi kakhulu.
- Ukuhlela Logistics isiza abaphathi bochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla ukuthi bathole indlela engabizi kakhulu yokuthola imikhiqizo ukusuka endaweni A ukuya ku-B (bese ukhomba C, iphuzu D nangale kwalokho).
Ukuphathwa kwe-Supply chain kuyisenzo esiyinkimbinkimbi esidinga ukubambisana okucophelelayo, ukuhlela amasu kanye nokuqaliswa ngokucophelela. Uma kwenziwa kahle, kunganciphisa izindleko, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle futhi kwandise ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende - okuwukuwina kwamabhizinisi namakhasimende.
Izinselelo emaketangeni okuhlinzeka
Abaphathi bochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla kanye nezingcweti zokuthengwa kwempahla babhekana nezinselele eziningi nsuku zonke, ngenxa nje yemvelo eyinkimbinkimbi yamaketanga.
Funa ukubikezela
Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ekuphathweni kwe-supply chain ukubikezela kwesidingo. Ukubikezela okunembayo kwesidingo kubalulekile ekugcineni amazinga e-inventory alungile kanye nokuvimbela ukumosha. Kodwa-ke, kuvame ukuba nzima ukukusebenzisa ngenxa yezinto ezifana nokushintsha kwamathrendi emakethe, izimo zomnotho ezishintshayo kanye nokuziphatha kwabathengi okungalindelekile. Umthengisi onquma ukuthi mangaki amadeski azo-odwa, isibonelo, udinga ukucabangela izici ezifana nenani labantu abathenga amadeski njengamanje, ukuthi lokho kungase kushintshe ngokusekelwe esikhathini sonyaka nokuthi izintandokazi zedizayini zizoshintsha ngokushesha kangakanani.
Ukuphathwa kobudlelwano nabahlinzeki
Amabhizinisi ngokuvamile adinga ukubhekana nabahlinzeki abaningi - ngalinye linezikhathi zalo, amazinga ekhwalithi nezinqubo zokulethwa. Ukuxhumanisa zonke lezi zakhi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba kahle kwezinto kuyinselele eqhubekayo. Umkhiqizi wefenisha othenga izikulufo ukuze ahlanganise ideski angase abe nenqwaba yabahlinzeki abangakhetha kubo kodwa kuzodingeka akale izinto ezifana nekhwalithi yezikulufu, lapho zenziwa khona nokuthi zibiza kangakanani, ngaphezu kokuthi noma bugcinwa kanjani ubudlelwano nabahlinzeki abaningi uma kwenzeka kuba nokuphazamiseka.
Izici ze-ESG
Ezemvelo, ezenhlalakahle kanye nokubusa (ESG) isiphenduke into ebalulekile njengoba ohulumeni bethula futhi beqinisa imithetho ephathelene nomthelela wemvelo namalungelo abantu, futhi abathengi basekela izinqumo zabo zokuthenga ezinkingeni zezimiso zokuziphatha, zomphakathi nezemvelo. Amabhizinisi kulindeleke ukuthi anciphise imfucuza, anciphise ukuqina kwawo kwekhabhoni futhi aqinisekise ukutholakala kokuziphatha. Kodwa ukufeza lezi zinhloso zokusimama kuyilapho ugcina ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko nokubamba ngokuqinile ukusebenza kahle kungaba inselele. Imibuzo abathengi abangayibuza mayelana nedeski, isibonelo, ingabandakanya:
- Ingabe izingodo zitholakala ngokuqhubekayo?
- Ingabe abasebenzi abahlanganise ideski bayakhokhelwa?
- Ingabe iphakheji igaywa kabusha noma iyagaywa kabusha?
Ukuphazamiseka kwamaketanga okuhlinzeka
Nakuba isibonelo sethu sedeski sangaphambili sasiqondile, iqiniso liwukuthi amaketanga amaningi okuhlinzeka ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuwenza abe sengozini yokuphazamiseka. Zonke izingxenye ngaphakathi kwesiteji ngasinye ziyingxenye yochungechunge lwazo lokuhlinzeka ngezinto ezixhumene: kusukela ezintweni zokugawula ezisetshenziselwa ukuvuna izingodo kuya kumakhompyutha asetshenziswa abaphathi bamaketango ukuze ba-ode izinto, kuya emalolini athutha ideski eliphelile aliyise esitolo sefenisha. Lokhu kusho futhi ukuthi kunezindlela eziningi lapho isiteji ngasinye singahamba kahle, esinamandla okudala amabhodlela amakhulu.
Ukuphazamiseka kungase kwenzeke ngenxa:
- ukushoda kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, kungaba ngenxa yokuncipha okungazelelwe kokunikezwayo ngenxa yezinhlekelele zemvelo, izingxabano noma ukwehluleka kwezitshalo, noma ukwanda okukhulu kwesidingo sabathengi ngenxa yesimo esiphuthumayo noma ukuthambekela okungalindelekile okuvelayo;
- ukuma kokukhiqiza njengokuvalwa kwefekthri okuhlobene nokuhluleka kwemishini, imililo noma izinkinga zezimali; noma
- ukuphulwa kwe-logistics okuvela ezingxabanweni, ukushoda kwezisebenzi, izingxabano zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe noma izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi njengomlilo noma izikhukhula.
I-COVID-19 namaketango wokuhlinzeka
Ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lubonise ukuthi amaketanga okuhlinzeka asengozini yokuphazamiseka. Ngasohlangothini lokuhlinzeka, amazinga aphezulu okutheleleka kanye nama-oda wokuhlala ekhaya asho ukuthi abantu abaningi babengakwazi ukusebenza, kunciphisa kakhulu amandla abakhiqizi nabahlinzeki bokukhiqiza izinto zokwakha, izingxenye kanye nemikhiqizo yokugcina. Lokhu kuncipha kokukhiqiza kube nomthelela we-domino kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla: kwehliswe ukufinyelela ekukhiqizweni kwezingxenye ezilinganiselwe zezinto ezingavuthiwe, okube kucindezela ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokugcina kanye nokutholakala kwezinsizakalo.
Ohlangothini lwesidingo, imikhuba yokuchitha umthengi yashintsha kakhulu. Ukwanda okungazelelwe kwenani labantu abasebenza ekhaya kubangele ukwanda kwesidingo semishini yasehhovisi lasekhaya (njengedeski lethu lamapulangwe). Ngokufinyelela okulinganiselwe ekuzijabuliseni kwangaphandle, isidingo semikhiqizo efana nezinhlelo zokuzijabulisa zasekhaya, ama-consoles wegeyimu nezinto zokuzivivinya zanda. Ngaleso sikhathi, isidingo sempahla yezokwelapha sakhula njengoba ubhubhane lubhebhetheka, kuyilapho abasebenzi bezokwelapha nabathengi ngokufanayo bezabalaza ukuthola imaski kanye ne-sanitizer yezandla.
Amaketango okuhlinzeka athwale kanzima kuyo yonke ibhodi ukuze ahambisane nezinguquko ezisheshayo nezinzima ezifunwayo, ezenziwe zaba zimbi kakhulu ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ekukhiqizeni kuzo zonke izigaba. Izinselelo ze-Logistics zandisa lezi zinkinga, ngezimo ezinjengokuvalwa kwemingcele kanye namazinga okutheleleka aphazamisa ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi nokunyakaza kwempahla emhlabeni jikelele.
Iyini indima yobuchwepheshe kumaketanga wokuhlinzeka?
Ubuchwepheshe budlala indima ebalulekile ekwenziweni kahle kwamaketanga okuhlinzeka futhi buyaqhubeka nokuguqula indlela amabhizinisi abaphatha ngayo ngokunikeza ukusebenza kahle okukhulu, ukubonakala nokunemba kuyo yonke inqubo.
Ukuxhumana nokuxhumana
Ubuchwepheshe bungathuthukisa kakhulu ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinkampani ezisochungechungeni lwempahla, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenzisana ezigabeni zayo ezihlukene ezixhumene. Izinkundla zedijithali kanye nekhompuyutha yamafu kuvumela abahlinzeki, abakhiqizi nabathengisi ukuthi bashintshisane ngolwazi ngokushesha. Lokhu kuxhumana okungenazihibe kusiza ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka futhi kuqinisekisa ukuguquguquka okushelelayo kusuka kwesinye isigaba kuya kwesinye.
Ukulandelela umkhiqizo
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje buphinde bunikeze ikhono lokulandelela nokulandelela ukuhamba kwemikhiqizo kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka. Nakuba lokhu kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ngokuvumela amabhizinisi ukuthi akhombe ngokushesha futhi abhekane nanoma yiziphi izinkinga ezingase ziphakame, kuphinde kugqugquzele ukubonakala obala ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla, okuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu njengoba kushintsha umthetho kanye nokuthandwayo kwabathengi.
Izibalo zokubikezela
Izibalo eziqagelayo zisiza amabhizinisi ukuthi alindele ukufunwa futhi aphathe i-inventory ngempumelelo. Ngokuhlaziya amathrendi adlule kanye nedatha yemakethe, amabhizinisi angabikezela ngokunembe kakhudlwana futhi enze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa.
Ukuzenzekelayo
Imvamisa into yokuqala efika emqondweni uma ucubungula ukwenziwa ngcono kwe-supply chain, i-automation inganciphisa umsebenzi wezandla, isheshise izinqubo futhi inciphise amaphutha. Ngokuya ngochungechunge lokunikezela, i-automation ingase ihlanganise ukwethula isofthiwe elawula inqubo yokutshala noma yokuvuna okusanhlamvu, isibonelo, noma ukusebenzisa imishini yokukhiqiza ethuthuke kakhulu.
Ake sisebenzise le mibono esibonelweni sedeski lokhuni. Ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obuthuthukisiwe buvumela amabhizinisi esigabeni ngasinye sochungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngolwazi kalula, ukuvimbela amabhodlela kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza ideski. Ukulandelelwa komkhiqizo kuvumela abathengisi ukuthi banikeze abathengi ulwazi mayelana nezimo zokusebenza zabantu abakha umkhiqizo nokuthi ugodo lwalutholakala ngokuqhubekayo yini. Izibalo eziqagelayo zivumela umkhiqizi ukuthi anqume ukuthi mangaki amadeski azowakhiqiza futhi anikeze umthengisi ukuqonda kokuthi singakanani isitoko okufanele a-ode, kuyilapho i-automation yenza izinqubo zokukhiqiza izikulufu noma ukusika izinkuni zisebenze kahle.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, buyabalulekile ekusebenzeni okushelelayo nokuhlelekile kuwo wonke amaketanga okuhlinzeka, okunikeza amabhizinisi umkhawulo wokuncintisana.
Imicabango yokugcina
Ngezindlela eziningi, amaketanga okuhlinzeka ayisisekelo sanoma yikuphi ukusebenza kwebhizinisi, okuxhumanisa izinto zokusetshenziswa kumthengi wokugcina. I-SCM esebenzayo ibandakanya ibhalansi ethambile yokuphatha ubudlelwano nabahlinzeki, ukubikezela isidingo samakhasimende, ukunciphisa ubungozi kanye nokulwela ukusimama. Naphezu kokuyinkimbinkimbi kwawo okungokwemvelo, amaketanga okuhlinzeka ahlelwe kahle aqhuba ukusebenza kahle, ukunciphisa izindleko futhi akhuthaze ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende, okuwenza ingxenye ebalulekile yempumelelo yebhizinisi.
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