Izindlela Zokuphatha I-Inventory zamabhizinisi aku-inthanethi 

Ukuphathwa kwe-Inventory kuyingxenye eyinhloko yokuphathwa kahle kwe-supply chain. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uthengisani, ukuqapha i-inventory ngokucophelela kungasiza ukugcina imali engenayo igeleza futhi amakhasimende ejabule.

Izinkampani zisebenzisa amasu amaningi okuqinisekisa ukuthi amazinga esitoko alungile futhi enza inzuzo. Kodwa ukukhetha izindlela ezifanele zokuphatha izinto akuwona umsebenzi olula, ikakhulukazi ebhizinisini elikhula ngokushesha. Yingakho ukubeka isisekelo esifanele kusukela ekuqaleni kubaluleke kakhulu.

Lo mhlahlandlela uchaza amasheya amahlanu amasu okuphatha amabhizinisi aku-inthanethi kufanele zazi futhi izinkampani zamathiphu ahlakaniphile zingafaka isicelo ukuze zigcine i-inventory ilandelana kahle.

Okuqukethwe
Kuyini ukuphathwa kwempahla?
Kungani kubalulekile ukuphathwa kwempahla?
I-Inventory management KPIs
Izindlela ezi-5 zokuphatha izinto ezihlakaniphile zebhizinisi eliku-inthanethi
Amathiphu wamabhizinisi aku-inthanethi ukuze aphathe i-inventory
Isiphetho
I-Inventory management FAQs

Kuyini ukuphathwa kwempahla?

Ukuphathwa kwempahla kuhlanganisa amasu namathuluzi izinkampani eziwasebenzisayo ukuze zamukele, zihlunge, zigcine, zilandelele futhi zilethe izimpahla. Kuhlanganisa zonke izinqubo zokuthola izimpahla zilungele ukuthengiswa, kusukela ekukhiqizweni noma ekuthengweni kwempahla kuye ekulethweni kokugcina.

Ukuphathwa kwempahla kuhlose ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokubamba uhlu nokunciphisa izindleko. Ngokunjalo, izinkampani ziphatha i-inventory ukuze zikhuphule isivinini sokuthola nokugcwalisa ama-oda ukuze amakhasimende ahlale ejabule futhi ibhizinisi lihamba ngokushesha.

Izinkampani ngokuvamile zisebenzisa amasistimu okuphatha izinto ukuze zisize ukuhlela okusebenzayo nokulawula. Isistimu yakho yokusungula ingase ibe isipredishithi noma isistimu yesofthiwe ezenzakalelayo, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi isekela isithombe esingokoqobo sebhizinisi lakho futhi ikhuthaze ukuthathwa kwezinqumo okuhle.

Kungani kubalulekile ukuphathwa kwempahla?

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingakanani inkampani, i-inventory ngokuvamile ithatha imali eningi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuvikela leyo mpahla futhi uthole izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuyisebenzisa - yingakho izinkampani zisebenzisa ukuphathwa kwempahla.

Nazi ezinye izizathu zokuthi kungani kubalulekile ukuzijwayeza ukulawula okuhle kwe-inventory:

• Thuthukisa ukubonakala kwesitoko: Ukubonakala kwesitoko yilapho ungakwazi ukusho izinga nesimo sohlu lwakho lokusungula ngokubuka nje. Ukubonakala okungekuhle kungase kuholele emazingeni aphansi noma angalungile, noma okubi nakakhulu, kungase kubangele isitokwe esingasebenzi kahle noma esifile - i-inventory obungayithengisa kodwa wangayibona.
• Eqela ngaphezulu: Isitokwe eseqile nesinciphile sithatha kuphela indawo yokugcina ngaphandle kokukunikeza imbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwakho. Kodwa ukuhlela okuhle kwempahla kuhambisa izimpahla ngokushesha zingene endaweni yakho yokugcina izinto futhi konga imali ekugcinweni.
• Khulisa imali engenayo: Izinto ezithile zizohlala zithengiswa ngokushesha kakhulu, ngenxa yezizathu ezifana nesizini noma ukushintsha okuthandwayo kwekhasimende. Kodwa ngokuphathwa kahle kwe-inventory, uzokwazi uma lokho kwenzeka futhi ulungele ukusizakala.
• Gcina amakhasimende anelisekile: Amakhasimende akho afuna ukulethwa okusheshayo nokunembile, futhi ukudala inqubo yokuphatha yokusungula engenazihibe kusiza ukufeza lokho — futhi ekugcineni kuqinisekisa ukukhuphuka kokwaneliseka kwamakhasimende.
• Susa imfucuza: Okokugcina, ukuphathwa kahle kwe-inventory kuqeda ukumoshwa kwezinsiza ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile nokonakele. Uzofunda ukuthi yini esendlini yakho yezimpahla futhi uzihambise ngokushesha ngaphambi kwedethi yazo yokuthengisa.

I-Inventory management KPIs

Nakuba kubalulekile ekuthengisweni okunenzuzo, ukuphathwa kwempahla nakho kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Ukulandelela zonke izinto ezihamba esitolo sakho, kusukela ekunikezeni kuye ekudilivweni, kungaba nzima kakhulu. Kodwa kunezinkomba zokusebenza ezibalulekile ezimbalwa (ama-KPI) ezingakusiza ukuthi ubone isithombe esikhulu ngokushesha.

• Isilinganiso senzuzo yempahla: Le KPI ikala ukuthi i-inventory ithengiswa ngokushesha kangakanani futhi ishintshwe. Inzuzo ephezulu ibonisa ukuthi ibhizinisi liyashesha futhi lisebenza kahle. Ungakwazi ukubala isilinganiso senzuzo ye-inventory ngokuhlukanisa izindleko zezimpahla ezithengiswa ngevelu ye-inventory emaphakathi.
• Funa ukunemba kwesibikezelo: Isibikezelo sesidingo silindele isidingo sesikhathi esizayo phakathi nenkathi ethile. Ngale metric, ungakwazi ukunquma ukunemba kwesibikezelo sakho futhi ulungise ngokufanele, ngaleyo ndlela wandise inzuzo futhi unciphise izindleko zokuphatha. IMean Absolute Deviation kanye neMean Absolute Percent Iphutha izindlela zokubala le KPI.
• Izinga le-oda elingemuva: Ama-oda angakwazi ukulethwa angama-backoda. Izinga eliphezulu le-backorder libonisa ukuhlelwa kwesidingo okungalungile futhi kungaholela ekwehleni kokwaneliseka kwamakhasimende. Ungakwazi ukubala isilinganiso se-backorder ngokuhlukanisa inombolo yama-oda angaletheki ngenani lama-oda x 100.
• Ukuphatha izindleko zokusungula: Izindleko zokuphatha yizindleko eziphelele zokunakekela isitoko se-warehouse. Kubandakanya imali enkulu, indawo yokugcina, isevisi ye-inventory, kanye nezindleko zengcuphe ye-inventory. Izindleko zokuphatha eziphakeme zibonisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-warehouse. Bala izindleko zokuphatha ngokwenza ingqikithi yezinto ezine zezindleko ezishiwo lapha futhi uzihlukanise ngesilinganiso sezindleko ze-inventory zonyaka.
• Oda isikhathi somjikelezo: Le KPI ibala ukuthi uvamise kangakanani ukuphinda usike inqolobane yakho. Isikhathi somjikelezo we-oda eliphansi sibonisa ukuthi ufaka ama-oda kubahlinzeki njalo. Futhi uma u-oda kaningi, isitoko sincane osiphathayo okusho izindleko eziphansi zokuphatha kanye nesilinganiso esingcono senzuzo. Kodwa khumbula ukuthi le metric ingathinteka yizimfuneko zomphakeli ezifana nemvamisa yoku-oda.
• Izinga lembuyiselo: Izinga lakho lembuyiselo lilandelela ukuthi ama-oda abuyiselwa kangaki. Ibalwa njengenani lamayunithi abuyisiwe lihlukaniswa ngenani lamayunithi athengisiwe x 100. Nakuba kungokwemvelo ukufuna ukugcina le KPI iphansi, ama-oda okubuyisela angase avame kakhulu kweminye imikhiqizo uma kuqhathaniswa neminye. Ngakho-ke, cabangela idatha yomongo, njengohlobo lomkhiqizo nesizathu sokubuyisela, ukuze kuhlaziywe ngempumelelo.

Izindlela ezi-5 zokuphatha izinto ezihlakaniphile zebhizinisi eliku-inthanethi

Nakuba kusobala ukuthi ukuphathwa kwempahla kubalulekile, indlela inkampani ngayinye eyenza ngayo inqubo ihlukile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amasu nezindlela eziningi ziyatholakala ebhizinisini ngalinye, kuye ngezidingo zabo kanye nemodeli yokunikezela.

Noma kunjalo, amaqhinga alandelayo okulawula isitoko azothuthukisa ukuphathwa kwakho kwe-inventory, kungakhathaliseki amasu akho.

1. Kungene kuqala, kuphume kuqala

Njengoba igama lisho, okokuqala ku-, kuqala ukuphuma (FIFO) kusho isitoko esidala sithengiswa kuqala. Kuyindlela ethenjwayo yokuhlela i-inventory esebenza ezinhlotsheni eziningi zemikhiqizo, okuhlanganisa izinto ezibolayo nezihlala isikhathi eside.

Ngezinto ezibolayo, isisekelo saleli qhinga sicacile — awufuni ukugcine usunezimpahla ezonakele ongakwazi ukuzithengisa. Ngakho-ke, i-FIFO ithola isitoko esisha ngemuva kwendawo yokugcina izimpahla kuyilapho isitokwe esidala sihlala ngaphambili futhi silandela umugqa wokulethwa. Kuphinde kusize ukuhambisa izimpahla ezihlala isikhathi eside ngokushesha ngenkathi zisacocekile nangaphambi kokuba ziphelelwe yisikhathi ngenxa yokushintsha kokupakisha noma ukwakheka komkhiqizo.

2. Ngesikhathi esifanele

Ngokuphathwa kwe-inventory ngesikhathi (i-JIT), izinkampani zithenga futhi zigcine uhlu lwempahla ngendlela edingekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-inventory igcinwa emazingeni aphansi kakhulu ukuze kugcwaliseke ama-oda ngaphandle kokuphuma esitokweni. Injongo ye-JIT iwukuqeda ukumoshwa kanye nokwenzeka kokudlulela, okonakele, noma okufayo.

Nakuba i-JIT inikeza izinzuzo eziningi mayelana nokonga izindleko zokulondoloza, ukusebenza kahle, nokusebenza okuncane, kungaba yingozi ukusebenza. Ngokuvamile uzothenga i-inventory ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuthi idingeke ukuze ithengiswe, okusho ukuthi ngisho nokubambezeleka okuncane kwenqubo kungase kubulale.

Ukuzijwayeza i-JIT futhi kudinga ibhizinisi lakho ukuthi lisheshe futhi libe namandla ukuze lihambisane nomjikelezo wokugcwalisa omfushane. Kodwa kungenzeka ukuphumelela ngokuhlela ngokucophelela nangokunembile kwe-inventory.

3. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-ABC

Akuzona zonke izinto zesitoko ezidalwe zilingana. Abanye bathengisa ngokushesha noma bathwebula imali engenayo enkulu kunabanye. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuzijwayeza kokusungula okunengqondo kuyalela ukubeka kuqala izinto zakho zesitoko ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokuya ngokutholakala nokusebenza kwazo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-ABC ihlukanisa i-inventory ibe izigaba ezintathu ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yiziphi ezinamandla amakhulu emali engenayo.

• Imikhiqizo yesigaba A ibaluleke kakhulu kuwe, ikulethela phakathi kuka-40-60% wemali engenayo.
• Imikhiqizo yesigaba B iphakathi; bamele u-15-30% wemali engenayo.
• Imikhiqizo yesigaba C iyona ebaluleke kakhulu, inenzuzo engu-5-10% kuphela.

Nakuba isitoko kufanele sitholakale kalula futhi sihambe ngokushesha, izinto ze-C zingagcwala ngemuva kwesitolo futhi azi-odwa kabusha kaningi.

Ngokuhlaziywa kwe-ABC, amabhizinisi angakwazi ukwaba izinsiza kangcono futhi abeke phambili izinto ezifanele zokusungula. Le nqubo ingase futhi inike amandla amanani entengo esu kanye nenzuzo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlaziywa kwe-ABC kungase kungaziba imikhiqizo esanda kuthandwa ngamakhasimende, futhi ukusebenzisa le nqubo ngokuvamile kudinga isikhathi esibalulekile nezinsiza zabantu.

4. Uhlu lwempahla

Uhlu lwezimpahla ezithunyelwayo lufana ne-JIT mayelana nendlela esiza ngayo ukuphatha izindleko zesitoreji nempahla. Kodwa ngokungafani ne-JIT, awuyena umnikazi wanoma yisiphi isitoko osithengisayo ngempahla ethunyelwayo. Kunalokho, isitoko singesomthengisi (umthumeli) size sidayiswe. Umthengisi ukhokhela kuphela izimpahla ngemva kokudayiswa.

Le nqubo yokuhlela yokusungula inhle ezindlekweni ze-inventory. Awudingi ukukhokhela isitoko kusengaphambili; uma izimpahla zingadayisi, awudingi ukukhokha. Lokhu, nakho, kusiza ngemali, ikakhulukazi emabhizinisini aku-inthanethi okungenzeka angabi nayo imali yokubamba izinto ezinkulu.

Isu futhi liyasiza uma ufuna ukunikeza ububanzi bomkhiqizo obanzi kodwa ungafuni ukukuthwalisa kanzima ukusebenza kwakho. Kodwa-ke, abahlinzeki bangase bangayisekeli le ndlela ngaphandle uma umthengisi enesidingo esikhulu njengoba ubungozi obuningi bokuthengiswa kwempahla buwela kumnikezeli.

5. Ukubala komjikelezo wokusungula

Njengoba igama lisho, ukubala komjikelezo we-inventory kubandakanya ukuthatha isitokwe sempahla emijikelezweni emincane. Inqubo isebenzisa amasampula amancane we-inventory ukuqapha amarekhodi e-inventory futhi ihlole ukuthi ayahambisana yini nezinto ezibonakalayo esitolo sakho. Ezinye izinhlobo zokubala zomjikelezo we-inventory yilezi:

• Lawula ukubala komjikelezo weqembu: Kubandakanya ukubala iqembu elifanayo lezinto izikhathi eziningi. Lokhu kusiza ukuveza amaphutha kumarekhodi noma indlela yokubala engalungiswa-ke ekuklameni inqubo yokubala engcono.
• Ukubala kwesampula okungahleliwe: Abathengisi abanezindawo zokugcina ezinkulu noma izinto ezifanayo kakhulu bangazuza ekubalweni kwesampula okungahleliwe. Indlela yokusebenza ihlanganisa ukukhetha ngokungahleliwe nokubala inani lezinto endaweni ngayinye yesitoko, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka.
• Ukubala komjikelezo we-ABC: Ngalesi senzo, uzobala izinto ngokusekelwe enanini lemali engenayo ebhizinisini lakho, ngokuya ngokuhlaziywa kwe-ABC. Izinto ezikusigaba A zizobalwa kaningi kunezinto zesitoko esingu-B noma u-C.

Ivelu esheshayo yokubala umjikelezo yindlela eyonga kahle ngayo isikhathi nomsebenzi. Ngalesi senzo, asikho isidingo sokuthi wenze isitokwe esigcwele ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ufuna ukuhlanganisa izinto ezibonakalayo ezisendlini yakho yokugcina izimpahla namarekhodi e-inventory. Iphinde igcine imisebenzi ye-warehouse isebenza ngokuphazamiseka okuncane, noma ngabe ubala uhlu lwamagama.

Kodwa indlela yokusebenza nayo inamaphutha ayo. Isibonelo, ayiqhathanisi nokubalwa kwesitoko esigcwele. Futhi, kuhlale kunengozi yokuthi, ekukhetheni amasampula ongawabala, uzodlula izindawo zesitoko ezinezinkinga ezidinga ukulungiswa.

Amathiphu wamabhizinisi aku-inthanethi ukuze aphathe i-inventory

Njengoba ubonile, indlela inkampani eyenza ngayo ukuphathwa kwempahla ingathinta izindleko zebhizinisi, imali engenayo, nokwaneliseka kwamakhasimende. Ngenkathi wenza amasu kumasu okuhlela isitoko sebhizinisi lakho, landela lawa macebiso ukuze uthuthukise inqubo yakho ukuze uthole imiphumela ehamba phambili.

• Sebenzisa uhlelo lokuphathwa kwempahla: Ukuphathwa kwempahla kungaba yisicefe, futhi amaphutha angenzeka. Ngenxa yalokho, kungcono ukwenza inqubo yakho ngokuzenzakalelayo ngohlelo lokuphatha uhlu lwezimpahla. Ngaphandle kwalokho, isofthiwe izokhiqiza ezinye izinzuzo ezifana nokubikezela kwesidingo esiholwa yidatha, izexwayiso zesikhathi sangempela, nokulandelelwa kwempahla.
• Londoloza ubudlelwano obuhle nabahlinzeki: Abahlinzeki abathembekile babalulekile ebhizinisini lakho, ngakho kunengqondo ukusebenzela ukubagcina. Ungagcina ubudlelwano obunempilo nabahlinzeki ngokukhokha izikweletu ngesikhathi, ukuxhumana ngokucacile, nokuphatha abathengisi ngenhlonipho.
• Gcina isitoko sisezingeni elifanele: Ngaphandle uma wenza i-JIT noma elinye isu le-inventory elincane, uzofuna ukuqinisekisa amaleveli esitoko alungile. Umthetho omuhle wesithupha uwukugcina i-inventory eyanele ukuze ugcwalise ama-oda ngokuqhubekayo, noma ngabe lokho kuyinkathi yamaviki amabili noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kunikeza isikhathi esanele sokwenza ukudiliva nokubuyisela isitoko ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezingaphansi kwesitoko noma izinkinga zokusungula ezidlulele.
• Sebenzisana ngobuhlakani nezinto ezigcwele isitoko: Ngisho nangemizamo yakho emihle kakhulu, usengathola ukuthi unesitoko eseqile. Bhekana nalezi zinto ngobuhlakani ngokunikeza amadili akhethekile noma izaphulelo ukuze uzihambise ngokushesha. Nakuba izinto cishe zizothengiswa ngemali engaphansi kwaleyo obuyifuna, zizosuka emashalofini akho, zikuvumele ukuthi ukhuphule izinga lenzuzo futhi wenze imali eningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - futhi lokho kubaluleke kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Sekukonke, ukuphathwa kahle kwe-inventory kuzokongela imali futhi kusize ukukhulisa ibhizinisi lakho. Uma uphatha isitoko ngokuphumelelayo, uzothengisa ngokushesha futhi uthole inzuzo. Ngezinqubo zokuhlela izinto ezabiwe lapha, usendaweni enhle yokuqala.

I-Inventory management FAQs

Yiziphi izinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko ze-inventory? 

I-inventory yebhizinisi ibhekisela kuso sonke isitoko somkhiqizo ibhizinisi eliphethe futhi elihlose ukusithengisa. Ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko:

• Ama-Raw material
• Umsebenzi usaqhubeka
• Izimpahla eziqediwe
• Ukulungiswa, ukulungiswa, kanye nokulungiswa kabusha kwempahla

Imaphi amasu okuphatha izinto ezinkulu? 

Amasu amakhulu okuphatha i-inventory okokuqala, ukuphuma kuqala (i-FIFO), ukubikezela kwesidingo, kanye nokuphathwa kokusungula ngesikhathi (JIT). Kodwa-ke, sicela uqaphele ukuthi indlela ngayinye inobuhle nobubi obuhlukile, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukuthi uyifunde ngayinye ukuze ufunde ukuthi iyiphi evumelana kangcono nezidingo zebhizinisi lakho.

Yiziphi izici ezinhlanu zokuphathwa kwempahla? 

Izinto ezinhlanu ezibalulekile zokuphathwa kwe-inventory yilezi:

• Ukuhlukanisa nokuhlela uhlu
• Ukugcina amarekhodi esitokwe samanje
• Ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku njalo
• Ukuhlola ukusebenza komphakeli
• Ukugcina ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende okuphezulu