Ngokuqwashisa umhlaba wonke ngomthelela wokupakishwa endaweni ezungezile ukhula kancane kancane, izikhungo zikahulumeni nezizimele emhlabeni wonke zithathe izinyathelo ezimbalwa zokunqanda lo mkhuba. Umyalelo osanda kuqiniswa we-Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) ohlongozwe yiKhomishana YaseYurophu (EC) uyisibonelo esihle sale mizamo.
Qhubeka ufunda ukuze uthole ukuthi ziyini izibuyekezo zakamuva nezibaluleke kakhulu ze-PPWR, futhi uthole imithelela yayo emithathu ephezulu engaba khona embonini yokupakisha.
Okuqukethwe
Uhlolojikelele lwezibuyekezo zakamuva ze-PPWR
Umthelela ongaba khona womthetho wakamuva we-PPWR
Ingena enkathini entsha yokupakisha
Uhlolojikelele lwezibuyekezo zakamuva ze-PPWR
1994 kumake ukuzalwa kwe-PPWR ku-European Union (EU), njengomyalelo okuhloswe ngawo ukuphatha nokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wokupakishwa nokumosha kuyo yonke i-EU. NgoNovemba 2022, yenze isibuyekezo esibalulekile ukuze kubhekwane nesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuvumelanisa izinqubo zokulawula ezahlukahlukene emazweni angamalungu e-EU. Lesi sibuyekezo besifuna ukukhuthaza ukujikeleza kanye nokupakishwa kwe-eco-friendly, kugxile kuwo wonke umjikelezo wempilo wokupakisha ukunciphisa udoti nokuthuthukisa ukugaywa kabusha.
Umthethonqubo uqhubekile nokuvela ku-2023 futhi iPhalamende LaseYurophu lisanda kwamukela isikhundla salo ku-PPWR ngoDisemba 2023, isinyathelo esibalulekile esidinga ukubambisana phakathi kwePhalamende LaseYurophu, uMkhandlu, kanye neKhomishini YaseYurophu ngaphambi kokuphothulwa nokwamukelwa ngokusemthethweni. I-PPWR yakamuva ibone ukubuyekezwa okubalulekile okuhloswe ngayo ukunciphisa imfucuza yokupakisha kanye nokuqinisa izindlela zokuphepha, okuhlanganisa nokubeka imigomo efiselekayo yokunciphisa ukupakishwa kwepulasitiki (kuze kufike ku-20% ngo-2040) kanye nodoti ojwayelekile wokupakisha.
Okuhambisana nalokhu kubuyekezwa kwakamuva kubophezela imigomo yokusebenzisa kabusha kanye nemikhawulo kumafomethi athile okupakisha okusetshenziswa kanye, ukuze kukhuthazwe amazinga aphezulu ekuqoqweni, ekuhlungeni, nasezinqubweni zokugaywa kabusha. Ukwengeza, inkambu yokupakishwa kokudla ibhekene nokucutshungulwa okuqinile ngokuvinjelwa okuhlongozwayo 'kwamakhemikhali angunaphakade' njenge-PFAs ne-Bisphenol A (BPA) ekufakweni kokudla.
Ngaphambili kokupakishwa okusebenziseka kabusha nokusebenziseka kabusha, kwaqaliswa iziqondiso ezintsha nezinto ezihlosiwe, okuhloswe ngazo ukuhlanganisa zonke izinto zokupakisha kanye nemfucuza. Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukusetha okuhloswe ukuqoqwa okuhlukene okungu-90% kwazo zonke izinto zokupakisha ngo-2029 kanye nokwethula umthetho wesibili ophoqelela imibandela eqinile yokuphinda isetshenziswe kukho konke ukupakisha.
Ngezibuyekezo zayo ezibalulekile nezindlela ezinolaka, i-PPWR yakamuva ibangele izingxoxo nezinkulumo mpikiswano ngaphakathi kwemboni yokupakisha naphakathi kwabakhi benqubomgomo. Lezi zingxoxo zigqamisa izinselele namathuba avezwa yisinyathelo esibheke emnothweni osimeme futhi oyindilinga ekupakisheni.
Umthelela ongaba khona womthetho wakamuva we-PPWR
Khulisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki
Ngokulungiselelwa kwakamuva kwe-PPWR okuhloswe ukuncishiswa okukhulu kokupakishwa kwepulasitiki - kuhloswe ukunciphisa ngo-10% ngo-2030, 15% ngo-2035, kanye no-20% ngo-2040 - kusobala ukuthi ezinye izindlela ezingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sokupakishwa kwepulasitiki zizobaluleka kakhulu eminyakeni ezayo ukuze zihambisane nalo mthetho.
Izinhlobo ezithile zezinye izindlela, ngokwemvelo, zincike kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezidume kakhulu zokupakishwa kwepulasitiki ezidinga ukushintshwa. Izikhwama zepulasitiki namabhodlela, ngokwesibonelo, kwande kakhulu ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke kangangokuthi izibalo zazo ezimangalisayo zokusebenzisa zigcizelela ukuphuthuma kokuthatha indawo okusimeme. Ngo-2024, umhlaba kulindeleke ukuthi usebenzise ingqikithi 5 trillion izikhwama zepulasitiki, okulingana nezikhwama ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-9.5 umzuzu ngamunye!
Lezi zibalo zigqamisa isidingo esibalulekile sokuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezinqala ekushintsheni izikhwama zepulasitiki kufakwe ezinye izindlela ezingayingcolisi imvelo njengokuthi Izikhwama zephepha ze-Kraft, ezingaziwa kuphela ngokuqina kwazo kodwa futhi zinikeza ubuhle bemvelo obukhangayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhwama zephepha ze-wax zibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ezimelana namanzi kanye nempumelelo yokulawula izinto ezinamafutha noma ezimanzi, okuzenza zibe ukukhetha okuhle kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene nokudla.
Eqinisweni, umkhuba wokusebenzisa izikhwama zamaphepha njengenye izikhwama zepulasitiki uye wanda kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni esezingeni eliphezulu neyokudayisa okunethezeka. Izikhwama zamaphepha eziboshwe ngokuvamile ebonisa ukuqedwa okucwebezelayo noma okucwebezelayo, ngokwesibonelo, sekuyinto eyisisekelo ezindaweni zokuthengisa ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Izikhwama zephepha ze-Euro tote, njengoba kubonisiwe ngenhla, kungenye inketho ekhethwayo yeningi lemikhiqizo kanokusho nehlonishwayo. Lezi zikhwama ngokuvamile zifika nezibambo ezinhle ezenziwe ngentambo noma iribhoni futhi zenzelwe isithombe esiphambili, esiqinile, esisebenza njengesixazululo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokupakisha semikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu.
Ngaphandle kwezikhwama zephepha, ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo ezifaka izikhwama zepulasitiki zihlanganisa izikhwama zikakotini, izikhwama zikaseyili, Futhi izikhwama zejute, okuhlanganisa kokubili izinhlobonhlobo ezilukiwe nezingalukiwe. Nakuba lezi zinto ngokuvamile zifaka izindleko zokuqala eziphezulu, zinikeza inani lesikhathi eside ngenxa yokuqina kwazo okuthuthukisiwe kanye nomklamo wokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Sekukonke, lezi zinketho ze-eco-conscious azinikezi kuphela isisombululo esimeme kodwa futhi zihlinzekela uhla lwezinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukuthobela ngokuqinile ekufakweni kokudla
Izibuyekezo ze-PPWR ezivimbela ngokuqondile izinto eziyingozi njenge-per- kanye ne-polyfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS) kanye ne-Bisphenol A (BPA) kusuka emaphaketheni okuxhumana nokudla zihambisana nokukhathazeka okukhona mayelana nokupakishwa kwebanga lokudla. Eqinisweni, i-PFAS, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi 'amakhemikhali angunaphakade' ngenxa yokuphikelela isikhathi eside kwemvelo kanye nokumelana nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, sekunesikhathi eside kuqashelwa ukuthi iyingozi kakhulu yizinkampani eziningi zokupakisha ezisezingeni lokudla.
Ngaso leso sikhathi, i-BPA, edume kabi ngokuba namathuba amaningi okuthi isuke emaphaketheni iye ekudleni naseziphuzweni, ibe ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa okuphelele kwezicelo ezithile, njengamabhodlela ezingane, futhi inqatshelwe ngokuphelele emazweni afana neFrance kukho konke ukupakishwa kokudla.
Ukugxila kwe-PPWR ekuqedeni lezi zinto eziyingozi emaphaketheni ebanga lokudla, kuyilapho kulindelekile, kusami ngomumo ukuba nomthelela omkhulu ekuphepheni kokudla. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kwe-Europe yonke kuqinisa umkhuba okhulayo obheke kuwo Ukupakishwa kwamahhala kwe-BPA kokudla, esevele idlangile emakethe.
Nakuba kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okunempilo, ukushintshela ku-BPA-free and Ukupakishwa kwamahhala kwe-PFAS kokudla kungase kuholele ekwenyukeni kwezindleko ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinto zemvelo njengoqalo noma i-pulp yomoba, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka, izindleko eziphakeme ekuqaleni zezinye izindlela ezilungele imvelo kungenzeka zehle ngenxa yokwanda kwesidingo kanye nokuthuthuka kwamasu okukhiqiza anciphisa izindleko.
Lokhu kwehliswa kwezindleko kungenza lezi zinketho ezisimeme zifinyeleleke kabanzi, okungase kube nokulinganisa ukwanda kokuqala kokupakishwa kokudla kanye nezindleko zokulethwa.
Izinguquko eziguquguqukayo ekufakweni okukodwa kanye nokulahlwa kokupakisha
Isiphakamiso sakamuva se-PPWR simise okuhlosiwe okuphokophelwe kokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa okukodwa kwephakheji, kanye nemigomo ebophezelayo yokusebenzisa kabusha. Isiphakamiso esinjalo siyaphinda futhi sigqamisa indima ebalulekile edlalwa yi-PPWR ekuguqukeleni ezindleleni zokupakisha ezisimeme futhi zibe nomthelela omkhulu ekupakishweni kokulahlwa kwemfucuza.
Igcizelela ukuqoqwa kwezinga eliphezulu, ukuhlunga, nezinqubo zokugaywa kabusha, i-PPWR ehlongozwayo ihlose ukuzuza okuhlosiwe kokuqoqwa okuhlukene okungu-90% kwazo zonke izinto zokupakisha ngo-2029, ngaphansi kweminyaka emi-5 kusukela manje. Lokhu empeleni kuhumusha imibandela eqinile yokuphinda isetshenziswe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokupakisha, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi yonke into icutshungulwa ngokufanelekile ukuze isetshenziswe kabusha noma igaywe kabusha.
Mayelana nokupakishwa okukodwa, amabhodlela epulasitiki ayinkinga enkulu ngaphandle kwezikhwama zepulasitiki ngenxa yamazinga awo aphezulu okusebenzisa. Imibiko eminingi yakamuva iveza lokho amabhodlela epulasitiki angaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa ayadliwa njalo ngomzuzu emhlabeni jikelele, egcizelela isidingo esibalulekile sezinye izindlela ezisimeme. Ngakho-ke, ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwe- izikhwama ezigaywe kabusha, amabhodlela agaywa kabusha, Futhi -ngenzeka izinto ezibalulekile zibalulekile ukuze zivumelane nezinjongo zesiphakamiso se-PPWR.
Sekukonke, njengoba kuboniswe yizithombe ezingenhla nalezi ezilandelayo ngezansi, amabhodlela enziwe ngo-100% avundisiwe, izikhwama biodegradable noma yimuphi ukupakishwa kwe-biodegradable isebenza njengezinye izindlela ezihambisana nokuhlosiwe kokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-PPWR futhi iphinde ibe negalelo emzamweni obanzi wokunciphisa umthelela wokusetshenziswa okukodwa emhlabeni wethu.
Ingena enkathini entsha yokupakisha
Isibuyekezo se-PPWR sika-2023 siphawula ushintsho olukhulu kumazinga nezinqubo zokupakisha, hhayi ezizweni zase-Europe kuphela kodwa nakunoma ubani okhipha izimpahla ngokupakishwa endaweni ye-EU. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwakamuva kusungula imigomo eqinile yokunciphisa ukupakishwa kwepulasitiki, kuphoqelela inqubo eqinile yokuphinda isetshenziswe futhi isetshenziswe kabusha. emaphaketheni, futhi igcizelela ukuqedwa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi emaphaketheni okudla. Kuhloswe ukuthi kuqoqwe okuhlosiwe okungu-90% kwazo zonke izinto zokusebenza ngo-2029, lesi sibuyekezo simemezela inkathi yenguquko ekupakisheni.
Lolu shintsho lomthetho selulungele ukuba nomthelela omkhulu embonini yokupakisha, luqhubekisele phambili ukuqhela ekufakweni kwepulasitiki ikakhulukazi izikhwama zepulasitiki, kukhethwe ezinye izinto ezifana nezikhwama zephepha nezokotini. Ukwamukelwa okusabalele kokupakishwa kokudla kwamahhala kwe-BPA kanye ne-PFAS, nakuba kungase kubize kakhulu, kuhambisana nendlela yokunakekela impilo kakhudlwana. Ukwengeza, lo mthethonqubo ukhuthaza ukuncishiswa kokupakishwa kwemfucuza, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisezipakishweni ezisetshenziswa kanye, kugcizelela kakhulu ukugaywa kabusha nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezinto. Uguquko olunjalo olubheke ekuzinzeni lungenisa inkathi entsha yokupakisha okumele amabhizinisi nabathengisi bezitolo bafunde ukuzijwayeza futhi bakwamukele.
Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe yokuthi lezi ntuthuko ziyimisa kanjani kabusha imboni yokupakisha, vakashela U-Cooig Uyafunda ukuze uhlale unolwazi ngemibono yakamuva, izitayela zemboni, nezibuyekezo zebhizinisi kulo mkhakha ovela ngokushesha.
