I-Graphene ibukeka izophazamisa imakethe yamabhethri emoto kagesi (EV) maphakathi nawo-2030, ngokusho kwenkundla yokuhlaziya yobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI) ebikezela impumelelo yezobuchwepheshe ngokusekelwe kudatha yelungelo lobunikazi lomhlaba wonke.
Ngoshintsho lomhlaba wonke oluya ekuqoqeni isivinini sesistimu yezokuthutha, ukusesha kwebhethri ye-EV efanelekile - enikeza ibhalansi efanelekile yezindleko, ukuminyana kwamandla, ukuphepha kanye nokusimama kwemvelo - kuba okugqama nakakhulu. Kukhona cishe ishumi nambili amakhemikhali ebhethri alwela ukubusa emakethe; yimuphi ozophuma enqobile umbuzo wama-trillion-dollar wangempela. Okungenani esikhathini esiseduze, amabhethri endabuko asekelwe e-lithium kungenzeka agcine ukubambelela kwawo emakethe, ngamabhethri asekelwe ku-sodium enikeza enye indlela eshibhile neluhlaza kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, ngokocwaningo olusha oluvela ku-Focus, inkundla yokuhlaziya ye-AI ebikezela ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe ngokusekelwe kudatha yelungelo lobunikazi lomhlaba wonke. Amabhethri avelayo e-graphene nama-double-ion, nokho, okungenzeka azophazamisa imakethe ngolunye usuku.
Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi amabhethri e-graphene ikakhulukazi azovela ekuqaleni kwawo-2030s ukuze aphonsele inselelo ozakwabo be-lithium ngomqhele we-EV, njengoba intengo yokukhiqiza i-graphene yehla ngokushesha. Le ntuthuko ithembisa ukuthi ngeke nje ithuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-EV kodwa futhi inikeze inzuzo ekusebenzeni kahle kwamandla kanye nezinjongo zokunciphisa ikhabhoni. “Uma kunobuchwepheshe obubodwa bebhethri okufanele uhlale ubhekile, yi-graphene,” kusho u-Jard van Ingen, oyi-CEO ye-Focus kanye nomsunguli kanye naye.
Abazenzisi abasha
I-Focus ihlaziya isimo samanje sekhemistri yebhethri ye-EV kanye nezibikezelo ukuthi yiziphi ezibukeka zizobusa eminyakeni ezayo. Isebenzisa indlela egqugquzelwe ucwaningo oluvela ku-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, inkundla ye-Focus icubungula imiqulu emikhulu yedatha yelungelo lobunikazi emhlabeni wonke ngesikhathi sangempela kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezintathu ze-AI: amamodeli olimi amakhulu enza ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kuzingobo zomlando zedatha yelungelo lobunikazi lomhlaba wonke ukuze kuhlolwe ubuchwepheshe, amaphuzu nokuqhathanisa; ukusesha kwe-vector kunikeza ubuhlakani besikhathi sangempela ekusungulweni komhlaba jikelele kanye nesimo sobuchwepheshe; kanye ne-multivariate regression inikeza ukuhlaziya okubikezela ngokukhomba ubudlelwano phakathi kwedatha nemiphumela yezwe langempela. I-Focus ibala 'Amaleveli Okulungela Ubuchwepheshe' ngokuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe bebhethri kanye 'Nezinga Lokuthuthukiswa Kobuchwepheshe' ukuze kulinganiswe ukukhuphuka kokusebenza ngedola ngalinye ngonyaka wamakhemistri amabhethri ahlukene.
“Eqinisweni, kuma-EVs, kumayelana nokuthola leyo ndawo emnandi phakathi kokuminyana kwamandla, ukuphepha, izindleko nokusimama,” kusho u-Kacper Gorski, inhloko yezokusebenza ye-Focus. “Ngamunye kulawa makhemikhali uletha okuthile okuhlukile etafuleni, futhi ukuthuthuka kwawo kuzololonga ikusasa lokuhamba kukagesi. Umbuzo obalulekile uwukuthi, yiziphi empeleni ezithuthuka ngokushesha futhi ezigcwele ngokweqile? ”
I-Focus ithole ukuthi bonke ubuchwepheshe bebhethri obusekelwe ku-lithium buyathuthuka ngesivinini esifanayo. Amakhemikhali abusayo njengamanje, i-lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt kanye ne-lithium-iron-phosphate, athuthuka unyaka nonyaka (YoY) ngamanani angama-30% nama-36%, ngokulandelana. Amabhethri e-lithium sulphur athuthuka ngo-30% YoY kanye ne-silicon anode ku-32%, okusho ukuthi cishe kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zibili zizophazamisa imakethe - ubuchwepheshe obuphazamisayo ngempela bunezivinini zokuthuthuka eziphakeme kakhulu futhi ezingaguquki kunezimbangi zabo. Ngokufanayo, nakuba kuningi okubhaliwe mayelana namandla amabhethri e-lithium esimo esiqinile, i-Focus ithole ukuthi ubuchwepheshe buyathuthuka kuphela ngesilinganiso esingu-31% YoY, okusho ukuthi nakho mancane amathuba okuthi kuphazamise abaphethe.
Okufanayo kuya kumabhethri e-sodium ane-hyped efanayo, anezinga lokuthuthuka elingu-33% - liwabeka ngaphakathi kwephutha lokulinganisa lamabhethri e-lithium-iron-phosphate. U-Van Ingen uchaza ukuthi amabhethri e-sodium anesisindo esilinganiselwe samandla, anciphisa ibanga elingawanikeza ama-EV ngaphandle kokwengeza isisindo esiningi emotweni. Nokho, zingenza umqondo ngokugcina umile, lapho isisindo singesona isici esikhawulelayo. “Ngakho-ke uma okudingayo nje amabhethri ashibhile ezidingweni zegridi, khona-ke amabhethri e-sodium enza umqondo omkhulu,” usho kanje. “Bangakwazi ngisho ukusebenzela ama-EV asezingeni eliphansi - izimoto ezishibhile, ezikhiqiza umthamo ophezulu eziklanyelwe ukuhamba amabanga amafushane. Ubuchwephesha obuthuthuka ngokushesha, ngeke buphazamise ngokuphelele imakethe. ”
Ngamanye amakhemistri ebhethri asafufusa adala isasasa elikhulu. Amabhethri e-Magnesium-sulphur ayathuthuka ngenani elingu-24.4% YoY, amabhethri e-magnesium-ion aku-26%, amabhethri e-nanowire angu-35% kanye namabhethri e-potassium-ion angu-36%. Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu kuphaphathekile uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-graphene, athuthukayo ngo-48.8% YoY, noma amabhethri ama-double-ion, aziqhenya ngezinga lokuthuthuka le-YoY elingu-48.5%. “Ngenxa yokuthi isivinini sokuthuthukisa amabhethri e-graphene nama-double-ion aphezulu kakhulu futhi ngokuqhubekayo kunamanye amakhemikhali ebhethri, lokhu kungabhekwa njengokuphazamisayo,” kusho u-van Ingen.
Kodwa-ke, ekubhekaneni ngekhanda phakathi kwamakhemikhali amabili, i-Focus ikholelwa ukuthi amabhethri e-graphene aphethe amandla aphezulu, njengoba ucwaningo luthuthukiswa kakhulu futhi isici sitholakala yonke indawo. Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza igxathu elikhulu ekusebenzeni kwama-EV, okuthembisa ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, ukuphila komjikelezo okwandisiwe (inani lokushaja nokukhipha imijikelezo ibhethri elingakwazi ukuyiqeda ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza) kanye nokushajwa okusheshayo. Ububi bayo obuyinhloko njengamanje izindleko zayo ezeqisayo, eziqhutshwa intengo ebiza kakhulu yokukhiqiza i-graphene.
"I-graphene iyinto eyisisekelo ngempela etholakala kunoma yimuphi umthombo wekhabhoni," kusho u-van Ingen. “Izinto eziyisisekelo ziningi ngempela, zigcwele yonke indawo, kepha indlela yokuyiguqula ibe yi-graphene wumkhawulo. Izindlela zamanje zokukhiqiza zibiza kakhulu.”
Amabhethri e-graphene, isiphazamisi sangempela
Ukuze amabhethri e-graphene aphazamise imakethe ye-EV, izindleko zokukhiqiza i-graphene kufanele zehle kakhulu. Njengamanje i-graphene ikhiqizwa cishe ngama- $200,000 ngethani, noma ama- $200 ngekhilogremu (kg). Kunzima ukubikezela ukuthi ukukhiqiza kufanele kube ishibhile kangakanani ngaphambi kokuba abakhiqizi baqale ukukusebenzisa kumabhethri abo, kodwa u-Focus ukholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuzokwenzeka uma i-graphene iqhathaniswa ne-lithium.
I-Lithium carbonate njengamanje ibiza cishe u-$16/kg ukuyikhiqiza futhi abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuthi ingase yehle ngokuqhubekayo ngo-30% iye ku-$11/kg ngo-2024. Indlela yokubikezela ye-Focus ilinganisela isivinini sokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwe-graphene ku-36.5% YoY. Ngakho-ke, uma kucatshangwa intengo yamanje engu-$200/kg kanye nenani elihlosiwe lika-$11/kg, i-Focus ibikezela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-graphene kuzoba ishibhile ngokwanele ukuze okokusebenza kuphoqe ukungena kumakhemikhali ebhethri cishe ngo-2031.
Ngokusho kwe-Focus, kunezinhlangano ezingaba ngu-300 okwamanje ezisebenza kubuchwepheshe bebhethri le-graphene. Ezinkampanini eziyishumi eziphezulu ezisesimweni esihle kakhulu sokuphazamisa imakethe yamabhethri nge-graphene, i-Focus iklelisa i-Global Graphene Group njengomholi. Inkampani engaphansi kwayo, i-Honeycomb Battery Company, isanda kumemezela isivumelwano esiyingqopha-mlando sokuhlanganisa ne-Nubia Brand International okuhloswe ngaso ukuthuthukisa amakhono okukhiqiza nokucwaninga kwe-Honeycomb, ngokugxila okuyinhloko kubuchwepheshe bebhethri obuthuthukisiwe be-EVs.
Ngokufanayo, i-StoreDot, okuwukuphela kwesiqalo kwabayishumi abaphezulu, yenze inqubekelaphambili emangalisayo ngo-2023. Le nkampani isethelwe ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bamaseli ayo ebhethri '100in5' ngo-2024. Lawa maseli aklanyelwe ukuletha okungenani amakhilomitha angu-100 ububanzi ngemizuzu emihlanu nje yokushaja. I-StoreDot yenze izivumelwano zamasu nokufana kwe-Volvo Cars (Geely), i-VinFast ne-Flex|N|Gate. Ekuqaleni kuka-2024, yasebenzisana neVolvo Cars' Polestar kudemo yokuqala yomhlaba yemizuzu eyishumi yokushaja i-EV. Izinga layo lebhethri liye laqinisekiswa ngemva kokuhlolwa ngabakhiqizi bomhlaba abangu-15 abahamba phambili, abangabonisi ukucekelwa phansi ngisho nangemva kwemijikelezo engu-1,000 elandelanayo 'yokushaja okusheshayo'.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iToray Industries, ikhonjwe yi-Focus njengomdlali ophindaphindayo osheshayo (isikhathi somjikelezo esiphansi kakhulu). Le nkampani yenze inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwayo lwebhethri ye-graphene, ithuthukisa isisombululo sokuhlakazeka kwe-graphene esine-fluidity enhle kakhulu kanye nokuhanjiswa kukagesi nokushisayo - okuzuzisa kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nebhethri nezinto zokufaka izintambo. Ngakho-ke iToray iyakwazi ukwenza i-graphene emincane kakhulu, yekhwalithi ephezulu ngezinto ezingabizi zegraphite. Ubuchwepheshe, kusho uToray, bunikeza impilo yebhethri engcono ngo-50% kune-carbon nanotubes yendabuko esetshenziswa njengama-conductive agents.
"Uma sibheka phambili, ibhodlela elikhulu manje lamabhethri e-graphene ukuthola indlela yokukhiqiza engayenza ngempela esikalini," kuphetha u-van Ingen. Kusewumkhakha obuswa kakhulu ucwaningo, kodwa lokhu kuzowuyisa emhlabeni wangempela phakathi neshumi leminyaka elizayo, ngokusho kwe-Focus.
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