Njengoba i-EU ne-US zihamba phambili, imithetho emisha iguqula indlela izinkampani eziklama ngayo, zisebenzisa, futhi zisebenzise kabusha izinto zokupakisha.
Njengokukhathazeka ngomthelela wemvelo wokukhuphuka kokupakisha, izindikimba ezilawulayo emhlabeni wonke zengeza imizamo yokudala imithetho eqinile elawula izinto zokupakisha nezinqubo.
Izifunda ezifana ne-European Union (EU) kanye ne-United States (US), kanye namazwe ase-Asia naseLatin America, zisebenzisa noma zibuyekeza imithetho ukuze kubhekwane nezinselelo ezilethwa udoti kanye nokusimama embonini yokupakisha.
Le mithetho ihlela kabusha indlela izinkampani ezisebenza ngayo, iziqhubekisela emikhubeni eqhubekayo.
Imithetho yokupakisha ye-EU: okuholayo
I-European Union ibihamba phambili ekusebenziseni imithetho eqinile yokupakisha.
Ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva kwe-Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR), eyamukelwa yiPhalamende LaseYurophu ngoNovemba 2023, ihlose ukuqhubeka nokuqinisa izilawuli zokupakisha imfucuza.
Lo mthethonqubo uphoqelela ukuncishiswa okuhlosiwe okungama-5% ngo-2030, amaphesenti ali-10 ngo-2035, kanye nama-15% ngo-2040, kugxilwe kakhulu ekupakishweni kwepulasitiki, okugunyaza ukuthi kwehliswe ngama-20% ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki ngo-2040.
Isici esisodwa esibalulekile se-PPWR ukucindezela kwayo kokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha. Igunyaza ukuthi wonke amaphakheji kufanele asetshenziswe kabusha, kube nemihlahlandlela ecacile ezothuthukiswa ngomthetho wesibili.
Abakhiqizi futhi kudingeka bafake amaphesenti aphezulu ezinto ezigaywe kabusha emikhiqizweni yabo.
Ngaphezu kokuhlosiwe kokunciphisa imfucuza, kunokugxila okuqinile ku-extended producer responsibility (EPR), okuphoqa abakhiqizi ukuthi bazibophezele ekulahleni udoti wabo wokupakisha.
Isici esibalulekile se-PPWR ukuvinjelwa kwayo kumakhemikhali ayingozi, njenge-PFAS ne-Bisphenol A (BPA), emaphaketheni othintana nawo wokudla.
Ukuma kwe-EU kubonakala emithethweni yayo ephathelene namapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, lapho ukuthengiswa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki ezingasindi kakhulu kuvinjelwe ngaphandle kwalapho kudingekile ngezinjongo zenhlanzeko.
Lezi zinyathelo ziyingxenye yomgomo omkhulu we-EU wokuguqukela emnothweni oyindilinga, lapho udoti uncishiswa khona, futhi izinto zisetshenziswa kabusha.
Imithetho yokupakisha yase-US: ihlukene kodwa iyavela
E-United States, imithetho yokupakisha ihlukene kakhulu, umthwalo omningi uwela ezifundeni ngazinye.
Kodwa-ke, kunomfutho okhulayo ezingeni likahulumeni ukubhekana nemfucuza yokupakisha, ikakhulukazi ekuphenduleni ukukhathazeka okukhulayo ngokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.
I-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ibisebenzela ukubuyekeza Isu layo Likazwelonke Lokugaywa Kabusha, elihlanganisa imigomo yokuthuthukisa ukuphinda kusetshenziswe ukupakishwa.
Izifundazwe ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa i-California, Oregon, kanye ne-Maine, sezivele zethule izinhlelo ze-EPR zokupakisha, ezidinga abakhiqizi ukuthi bafake isandla ngokwezimali ekusetshenzisweni kabusha nasekulawuleni imfucuza.
E-California, ngokwesibonelo, abakhiqizi bokupakisha bagunyazwe ukuthi bahlangabezane nezidingo ezincane zokuqukethwe okugaywe kabusha.
Ngaleso sikhathi, abenzi bomthetho bakahulumeni bethula izikweletu zokunqanda ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye kanye nokwandisa imizamo yokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha. Lezi zinyathelo zomthetho ziqhutshwa yisidingo esikhulayo sezisombululo zokupakisha ezisimeme zemvelo ezivela kubathengi kanye nezinkampani.
I-Asia neLatin America: ukugxila kumapulasitiki
Amazwe kulo lonke elase-Asia naseLatin America nawo ahlanganisa imizamo yokulawula udoti wokupakisha, ngokugxila kakhulu ekufakweni kwepulasitiki.
In Ifuthi, imithetho emisha iqondise kumapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, futhi kunezingxoxo eziqhubekayo mayelana nokwamukela izinyathelo ze-EPR ezifana nalezo ezibonwa e-EU. Lezi zinhlelo zihlose ukunqanda umthelela wemvelo wemikhakha ye-e-commerce ekhulayo kanye nempahla yabathengi.
I-China, engomunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu kakhulu bemfucuza yepulasitiki, iphinde yasebenzisa imithetho eqinile ukubhekana nemfucuza yokupakisha, ikakhulukazi egxile ekufakweni kwe-e-commerce.
Ngokuphoqelela imithethonqubo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezinto kanye nokwethula okuhlosiwe okugaywe kabusha, i-China inethemba lokunciphisa ukuvuza kwemfucuza endaweni ezungezile.
E-Latin America, amazwe amaningana aqala ukusebenzisa izinguqulo zawo zezinhlelo ze-EPR. I-Brazil ne-Chile, isibonelo, zethule imithetho edinga izinkampani ukuthi ziqinisekise ukuthi iphesenti elithile lokupakisha kwazo liyasebenziseka kabusha noma liyavuthwa.
Le mithetho iqinile ikakhulukazi ekufakweni kweziphuzo, okunomthelela omkhulu emfucumfucwini wepulasitiki esifundeni.
Ukuvumelana komhlaba wonke kanye nendlela ezayo
Ngenkathi kwenziwa inqubekelaphambili, isimo somhlaba wonke semithetho yokupakisha sihlala siyizicucu.
Izincazelo zamagama abalulekile njengokuthi “okugaywa kabusha” kuyahlukahluka kuye ngamazwe, futhi ububanzi bemithethonqubo bungahluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo lokupakishwa noma umkhiqizo.
Lokhu kuntuleka kokumiswa kudala izinselelo zokuthobela izinkampani zomhlaba wonke ezisebenza ezindaweni eziningi.
Nokho, kunezimpawu zokuthi ukuvumelana okukhulu kuseduze. Ukuphusha kwe-EU komnotho oyindilinga, kuhlanganiswe nemizamo yase-US yokwenza kube sezingeni izinqubo zokugaywa kabusha, kungase kubeke inkundla yemithetho yomhlaba wonke ebumbene.
Ukwengeza, izinhlelo zomhlaba wonke ezifana ne-Ellen MacArthur Foundation's New Plastics Economy zisebenzela ukwakha uhlaka oluhlangene, lomhlaba wonke lokusimama kokupakisha.
Njengoba imithetho yokupakisha ithuthuka, izinkampani kuzodingeka zihlale zazi ngemithetho emisha futhi zilungise izinqubo zazo ngokufanele. Ukushintshela ekusimameni akunakugwenywa, kunemithetho eqinile esetshenziswa unyaka nonyaka. Amabhrendi ahlulekayo ukuzivumelanisa nezimo angase abhekane nezinhlawulo ezinkulu, ukonakala kwesithunzi, noma ukukhishwa ezimakethe ezibalulekile.
Ekugcineni, isimo somhlaba esilawulayo sokupakishwa sishintsha ngokushesha, kanti i-EU ne-US zihola phambili ekuzinzeni.
Njengoba amazwe ase-Asia naseLatin America elandela, imboni yokupakisha izodinga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana nokuhambisana nesidingo esikhulayo sezixazululo zokupakisha ezinobungani bemvelo.
Umthombo ovela Isango Lokupakisha
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