I-FOB Incoterms: Vula Umhlahlandlela Walabo Abafuna Okuningi

“Nginike imnyuziyamu ngizoyigcwalisa.”Pablo Picasso wake wakusho lokhu ngokudumile, ethwebula ukuchuma komsebenzi weciko. Ngempela, emhlabeni wezobuciko namuhla, kuvamile ukuthi iciko lilethe umsebenzi walo wobuciko kugalari ukuze lihanjiswe, ligcwalise igalari ngezicucu zalo ngokushesha. Ngaphansi kwelungiselelo elinjalo, iciko linesibopho sokuletha ngokuphephile umsebenzi wobuciko kugalari, osebenza njengomthengi wokuqala ngemva kokuthatha ubunikazi ngokubonisa umsebenzi wobuciko. 

Lokhu kudluliselwa kwesibopho kuhambisana eduze nomthetho we-FOB (Mahhala Ebhodini) ochazwa yi- Imigomo Yentengiso Yamazwe Ngamazwe (Incoterms). Njengoba nje umdwebi eletha umsebenzi wobuciko kugalari ukuze uboniswe ngokugcwele, umdayisi unesibopho sokuthutha izimpahla aziyise echwebeni futhi azilayishe emkhunjini ngaphansi kwemibandela ye-FOB. Umthengi (igalari) ube esethatha isibopho esiphelele, esifana nendlela umthengi enza ngayo ngemibandela ye-FOB uma izimpahla sezilayishiwe emkhunjini. 

Ukuze uthole isithombe esigcwele sencazelo ye-FOB, kubalulekile ukuqonda izibopho nezibopho zezimali zabo bobabili umthengisi nomthengi ngaphansi komthetho we-FOB, kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa ezingokoqobo ze-FOB kanye nokucatshangelwa komthengi okubalulekile lapho kukhethwa imigomo ye-FOB. Qhubeka ufunde ukuze ufunde kabanzi.

Okuqukethwe
Ukuqonda FOB Incoterms
Izibopho ezibalulekile kanye nemithelela yezezimali
Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwe-FOB nokucatshangelwa komthengi okubalulekile
Indlela elinganiselayo

Ukuqonda FOB Incoterms

I-FOB, noma i-Free on Board, umthetho we-Incoterms odinga ukuthi umthengisi alethe izimpahla emkhunjini okhethwe umthengi endaweni ethile yokuthunyelwa ngemva kokugcwalisa imithetho yokuthekelisa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, umthengi uthatha lonke uhambo lokuthutha, okuhlanganisa nenqubo yokungenisa impahla engenayo kanye nokulawulwa kobungozi. 

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-FOB inconyelwa kuphela ezindleleni zokuthutha zasolwandle noma ezimaphakathi nezwe, hhayi kwezinye iziphakeli zenkampani yenethiwekhi ngaphambi kokulayisha, ukuze kuqinisekiswe izindawo zokudlulisa ezicacile. Lo mthetho ufana namanye ama-Incoterm angu-3 kuphela phakathi kwawo wonke angu-11 atholakalayo njengamanje, akhawulela isicelo kulezi zindlela zokuthutha ezithile: i-FAS, i-CFR, ne-CIF.

Izibopho ezibalulekile kanye nemithelela yezezimali

Izibopho zomthengisi nemithelela yezezimali

Izibopho nezibopho zezezimali zomthengisi ngaphansi kwemibandela ye-FOB zigxile ezintweni ezimbili eziyinhloko: imisebenzi yokulayisha ngaphambilini kanye nokuthobela imvume yokuthumela ngaphandle. Imisebenzi yangaphambi kokuthunyelwa ihlanganisa zonke izibopho zokuletha kuze kufike endaweni yokulayisha, ezinqunywa umthengi noma, uma kungashiwongo, endaweni ekahle kakhulu kumthengisi.

Ngokwezimali, umdayisi uthwala zonke izindleko kusukela ekupakishweni kuye ekulethweni kwechweba, okuhlanganisa ukulayisha impahla emkhunjini. Lokhu kuhlanganisa zonke izintela ezihlotshaniswayo zokuthekelisa kanye nemisebenzi, njengoba umdayisi futhi enesibopho sokuphatha zonke izimvume zentela yokuthekelisa, ukuthola amalayisense okuthekelisa adingekayo, kanye nokwenza noma yikuphi ukuhlolwa okudingekayo ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa. Ingozi idluliselwa kumthengi uma izimpahla sezilayishiwe. 

Kalula nje, indima yomthengisi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla zikulungele ukulayishwa emkhunjini oqokiwe, ngaphandle kwezibopho zokuthutha kwazo kuze kube lapho ziya khona ekugcineni noma ukuhlela noma yimuphi umshwalense.

Izibopho zomthengi nemithelela yezezimali

Ngokuphambene nezibopho zomthengisi ezigxile kuphela emisebenzini yokulayisha ngaphambilini, izibopho zomthengi zibeka wonke umthwalo emisebenzini yangemva kokulayisha. Empeleni uma izimpahla sezilayishiwe emkhunjini, umthengi uthatha yonke imisebenzi elandelayo, okuhlanganisa ukuhlela nokuphatha inqola enkulu kanye nokukhokha zonke izindleko ezihambisana nayo.

Umthengi futhi uphatha zonke izingcuphe kanye nezindleko zokuthutha kusukela endaweni yokulayisha, okuhlanganisa yonke imvume yokungenisa kanye nemisebenzi ehlobene nezokuthutha ngaphandle komshwalense, ohlala ungowakho. Kanjalo, lokhu kuphinde kusho ukuthi zonke izimali ezikhokhwayo ezihlobene nokulawula ubungozi kanye nokuxhasa ngezimali imisebenzi yokukhipha imvume yokungenisa, njengentela yokungenisa kanye nezintela zingaphansi kwesibopho somthengi ngokuphelele.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi nokho, naphezu kokugcizelela okuphindaphindiwe kokubaluleka kwendawo yokulayisha kuphawula ukuguqulwa kwezingozi nezibopho zezindleko zisuka kumthengisi ziye kumthengi, kunezimo ezithile lapho umthengi angase abe nesibopho sanoma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa noma umonakalo ngisho noma izimpahla zingakalayishwa, kusukela ngedethi yokuthunyelwa ehleliwe noma idethi yokuthunyelwa eceliwe, lezi zimpawu zihlanganisa:

1) Uma kwenzeka umthengi ehluleka ukunikeza imininingwane ebalulekile njengegama lomkhumbi, indawo yokulayisha, nosuku lokulethwa, okudingekayo ukuze kuhlelwe ukulayishwa kwempahla ngesikhathi esifanele.

2) Uma kunezinqumo eziphathelene nomthengi, ulwazi olunikeziwe, noma ukuntuleka kwesaziso esanele esivimbela ikhono lomthengisi lokulayisha impahla noma ukubangela ukubambezeleka, izindleko ezengeziwe, noma umnqamulajuqu wokuthumela umkhumbi-njengokubambezeleka komkhumbi noma ukunqanyulwa kwempahla ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yezinsuku ezingalungile ezinikezwe umthengi.

Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwe-FOB nokucatshangelwa komthengi okubalulekile

Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwe-FOB

Ngokuphathelene nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzayo embonini yezokuthutha, umthetho we-FOB, ngokweziqondiso zangempela ze-Incoterms 2020, “awufanele” izimpahla okufanele ziqale zidluliselwe kunkampani yenethiwekhi ngaphambi kokuba zilayishwe emkhunjini, njengalezo ezibandakanya ukulethwa endaweni yesitsha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi impahla ivamise ukupakishwa ezitsheni ezithunyelwa ngamabhokisi, zithuthelwe esikhumulweni sebhokisi, bese zilayishwa emikhunjini ngabasebenza esitebeleni.

Inqubo enjalo yokuhlela, ehilela ama-terminal operators esikhundleni sokuvumela abathengisi ukuthi balayishe izimpahla ngokuqondile emikhunjini, ishayisana nethemu le-FOB. Ngakho-ke, izimpahla ezifakwe emabhokisini ngokuvamile ziwufanelekela kangcono umthetho we-FCA Incoterms njengoba ikwazi ukwamukela isidingo sokudlulisa izimpahla ezindaweni okuvunyelwene ngazo, okuhlanganisa netheminali yesiqukathi.

Ngokuphambene, i-FOB ilungele ukuthunyelwa ngenani elikhulu lempahla efana nokusanhlamvu, uwoyela, noma amalahle, avame ukuhlukaniswa ngokuthi “impahla eningi” futhi imvamisa ukuthunyelwa ngobuningi ngaphandle kokupakishwa okuhlukene Nakuba lezi zinhlobo zempahla zingathuthwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganisa neziqukathi ezikhethekile, ngokuvamile zilayishwa ngokuqondile emikhunjini ngaphandle kwenqubo yokufaka ama-container.

Isibonelo, esimweni esijwayelekile se-FOB, umthengisi ovela e-Ningbo, e-China, odinga ukuthumela inqwaba yetiye eliluhlaza kumsabalalisi wase-United States angasebenzisa imigomo ye-FOB ukuletha esikhumulweni sase-Ningbo, eqondana nenqwaba yemvelo yetiye eluhlaza. Umdayisi uphatha zonke izinto zendawo lapho zisuka khona, kulesi simo, e-Ningbo, okuhlanganisa nokuthutha itiye ngezikhwama eziyinqwaba liyise ethekwini lize lilayishwe ngokuphephile emkhunjini wezimpahla. Yonke imisebenzi yokuthekelisa kanye nezindleko zokuphatha kuze kufike lapho kulayishwa khona kuyisibopho somthengisi.

Uma itiye selilayishiwe emkhunjini, umthwalo wemfanelo ushintshela kumthengi wase-US. Kusukela kuleli qophelo kuqhubeke, inkampani yase-US ithatha zonke izindleko nezingozi, okuhlanganisa ukuthutha olwandle, imisebenzi yokungenisa ezweni esebenzayo, kanye nokufakwa komshwalense uma kunesidingo. Ukuhlelwa okunjalo kuvumela kokubili umdayisi nomthengi ukuthi bazuze endleleni yokudlulisa ingozi ecacile endaweni yokulayisha– isici esiyisisekelo somthetho we-FOB esiza ukwenza lula ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Ukucatshangelwa komthengi okubalulekile

Empeleni, lapho kubhekwa ukuthi baqhubeke yini nomthetho we-FOB, abathengi kufanele bahlole izici ezimbili eziyinhloko: izinhlobo zezimpahla ezithunyelwayo kanye namandla azo okuphatha ukulayishwa ngokuqondile kwezimpahla.

Uhlobo lwezimpahla ezithunyelwayo luwukucatshangelwa okubalulekile ngoba lunquma ukuthi imigomo ye-FOB ifanele yini ukusungula inqubo yokuthumela ecacile nephumelelayo. Izimpahla kumele ziwele ezigabeni ezingalayishwa ngqo emkhunjini ngaphandle kwesidingo sokufakwa esitsheni, njengempahla eyinqwaba njengempahla ehlukahlukene.

Uma abathengi sebethole ukuthi izimpahla zikulungele ukuthunyelwa ngaphansi kwemibandela ye-FOB, kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi banamandla okuphatha noma ukwengamela inqubo yokulayisha okuqondile kanye nezinto zokuhamba ezilandelayo. Leli khono libalulekile, njengoba linquma ikhono labo ekusingatheni ubungozi kanye nenqubo yokudlulisa umthwalo wemfanelo eyenzeka endaweni yokulayisha.

Sekukonke, i-FOB Incoterms inika abathengi amandla okulawula okwengeziwe kuyo yonke inqubo yokuthumela uma izimpahla sezilayishiwe, njengoba bengakwazi ukukhetha abathumeli babo bempahla futhi bakwazi ukuxoxisana ngamanani angcono. Lokhu futhi kubavumela ukuthi bathuthukise izinhlelo ezihambisanayo zokulawula ubungozi kanye nokufakwa komshwalense ukuze bazuze ukonga kwezindleko.

Indlela elinganiselayo

Kafushane, umthetho we-FOB Incoterms umele indlela enokulinganisela phakathi komthengisi nomthengi. Iqembu ngalinye lisingatha imisebenzi yalo emisiwe kanye nezindleko ezihlobene nokuthunyelwa endaweni yoqobo kanye nokuhamba okulandelayo ukusuka emkhunjini olayishiwe, okuhlanganisa ukuthekelisa kanye nemvume yokungenisa ezweni ezindaweni zabo.

Lapho ucubungula i-FOB njengekhethwayo I-Incoterms umthetho ukuze kube lula ukusebenzisana nomthengisi, umthengi kufanele aqaphele izinhlobo zezimpahla ukuze aqinisekise ukufaneleka ukulayishwa ngqo emikhunjini, ngaphezu kokuhlola ikhono lakhe lokuphatha inqubo yokulayisha ngqo.

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