Okuqukethwe
● Isingeniso
● Uhlolojikelele lwemakethe
● Izinhlobo ezahlukene nezici zazo
● Izinto okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha imikhiqizo
● Isiphetho
Isingeniso
Ama-alamu ezimoto abalulekile ekuvikelekeni kwemoto, anikeza isivikelo ekuntshontshweni nasekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe. Ngokukhula kwezigameko zokwebiwa kwezimoto emhlabeni jikelele, imakethe yezinhlelo zokuphepha kwezimoto ikhula kakhulu. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ithuthukise izici nokusebenza kahle kwalezi zinhlelo, okuzenze zibaluleke kakhulu ezimotweni zesimanje. Izinhlobo ezehlukene zama-alamu ezimoto zibhekelela izidingo zokuphepha ezihlukene, zihlinzeka ngokusebenza okuyisisekelo nokuthuthukile. Ukukhetha isistimu ye-alamu yemoto efanele kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuvikelwa kwemoto okuphelele nokuthula kwengqondo.
Ukubukwa kwemakethe
Izinga lemakethe nokukhula
Imakethe yohlelo lokuphepha kwezimoto emhlabeni wonke yalinganiselwa ku-$8.59 billion ngo-2022 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku-$15.22 billion ngo-2031, ikhula ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esihlanganisiwe (CAGR) sika-6.7% kusukela ngo-2023 kuya ku-2031. Ohulumeni abahlukahlukene basebenzisa imithetho eqinile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha kwezimoto, okuqhubekisela phambili ukwanda kwezimakethe. Abakhiqizi batshala imali eningi ukuze bahambisane nale mithetho futhi basungule izixazululo ezintsha zokuphepha, ngaleyo ndlela babe negalelo ekukhuleni kwemakethe.
Intuthuko ebalulekile
Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, okufana nokuxhumana kwe-inthanethi okunesivinini esikhulu kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo zokubeka indawo emhlabeni wonke (GPS), kuyizuzise kakhulu imakethe yohlelo lokuphepha kwezimoto. Ukwamukelwa kwalobu buchwepheshe kunikeza izici zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe, okwenza ama-alamu ezimoto asebenze kangcono ekunqandeni ukweba nokufinyelela okungagunyaziwe. Ukukhula kwemakethe kugqugquzelwa nokufakwa okuyisibopho kwezinyathelo zokuphepha eziyisisekelo kuzo zonke izingxenye zezimoto, okuhlanganisa nezimoto zabagibeli ezibiza kancane. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zalawa masistimu athuthukisiwe kanye nezindleko zokubhalisa ezingaba khona zezici ezithile zingase zibangele izinselele ekwandiseni imakethe.
Imibono yesifunda
Ngokwesifunda, iNyakatho Melika ibambe iqhaza elikhulu emakethe yesistimu yokuphepha kwezimoto, eqhutshwa imboni yezimoto ekhulayo kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokwebiwa kwezimoto, okwandisa isidingo sokufakwa kwezokuphepha ngemuva kwemakethe. Isifunda sase-Asia Pacific kulindeleke ukuthi sibone ukukhula okusheshayo ngenxa yokwanda kokukhiqizwa nokuthunyelwa kwezimoto kwamanye amazwe, kanye nomkhakha okhulayo wemakethe yangemuva. Lokhu kukhula kwesifunda kusekelwa ukwanda kokuqwashisa kwabathengi kanye nokwamukelwa kwezinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zokuphepha kwezimoto.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nezici zabo
Ama-alamu emoto asebenzayo
Ama-alamu ezimoto asebenzayo abamba iqhaza lapho kwenziwa umzamo ongagunyaziwe wokufinyelela imoto, njengokuvula umnyango, i-trunk, noma i-hood. Lawa masistimu ngokuvamile asebenzisa izinzwa kazibuthe noma i-proximity ukuze athole ukuphulwa. I-alamu yenziwa isebenze mathupha kusetshenziswa i-fob yokhiye noma isilawuli kude, futhi uma isicushiwe, ingakhipha izinhlabamkhosi ezingaphezu kwama-decibel angu-120 namalambu akhanyayo ukuze kuvinjwe amasela futhi idonse ukunaka. Amanye amamodeli afaka phakathi izici ezifana nokunqanyulwa komlilo, okuvimbela injini ukuthi iqale.
Ama-alamu emoto angasebenzi
Ama-alamu emoto angenzi lutho azihlomisa ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho ukuthungela kuvaliwe futhi imoto ikhiyiwe. Lawa masistimu ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izivimbeli ezikhubaza isistimu yokushisa imoto, okwenza kube nzima ukuqala injini ngaphandle kokhiye ofanele noma isilawuli kude. Basebenzisa inhlanganisela yezinzwa, okuhlanganisa izinzwa zesicabha, izivalo, nezinzwa ze-trunk, ukuze zigade ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe. Ama-alamu angenzi lutho ahlinzeka ngesixazululo sokuvikela esingenamthungo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi isistimu ihlala isebenza ngaphandle kokudinga ukungenelela komsebenzisi.
Ama-alamu emoto anezindlela ezimbili
Ama-alamu ezimoto anezindlela ezimbili zinikeza ukuxhumana kwesikhathi sangempela phakathi kwemoto nomnikazi. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-RF (ifrikhwensi yomsakazo) ukudlulisa idatha emuva naphambili. Isilawuli kude ngokuvamile sibonisa isikrini se-LCD esibonisa isimo semoto, njengokuthi i-alamu ihlomile noma ayihlomile, futhi yazisa umnikazi uma i-alamu icushiwe. Amamodeli athuthukile angaphinda athumele izaziso ku-smartphone yomnikazi, anikeze izibuyekezo zesimo semoto futhi avumele imisebenzi yesilawuli kude njengokukhiya/ukuvula iminyango noma ukuvula i-alamu.
Ama-alamu emoto ye-GPS
Ama-alamu emoto e-GPS ahlanganisa ubuchwepheshe be-GPS ukuze anikeze ukulandelela indawo kanye nezixwayiso zesikhathi sangempela. Lawa masistimu asebenzisa isamukeli se-GPS ukuqapha indawo yemoto futhi angathumela idatha yendawo ku-smartphone yomnikazi noma esiteshini esimaphakathi sokuqapha. Uma imoto ifinyelelwa ngaphandle kokugunyazwa, isaziso sithunyelwa ngokushesha. Amanye amasistimu ahlanganisa izici ze-geo-fence, ezazisa umnikazi uma imoto ihamba ngaphandle kwendawo echazwe ngaphambilini, ithuthukisa ukuvikeleka kanye nokusiza ekubuyiseni ukwebiwa.
Ama-alamu emoto yezinzwa ezishaqisayo
Ama-alamu ezimoto ezinzwa ukushaqeka afakwe ama-accelerometer noma izinzwa ze-piezoelectric ezithola ukudlidliza noma imithelela emotweni. Lezi zinzwa zikala amandla nesiqondiso sokushaqeka ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ingabe usongo olungaba khona, olufana nokuzama ukungena noma ukucekelwa phansi. Uma kutholwa umthelela, isistimu icupha i-alamu. Izinzwa zokushaqeka ezithuthukisiwe zingahlukanisa phakathi kweziphazamiso ezincane, njengeloli elidlulayo, nomthelela omkhulu, ukwehlisa ama-alamu angamanga.
Ama-alamu emoto okuqalisa akude
Ama-alamu emoto okuqalisa akude ahlanganisa ukusebenza kwe-alamu yemoto nokunethezeka kwesici sokuqalisa injini esikude. Lezi zinhlelo zivumela imoto ukuthi iqalwe kude kusetshenziswa isilawuli kude. Umsebenzi wokuqalisa ukude uvame ukuhlanganiswa nezici zokuphepha ezifana nokukhiya izicabha, okuqinisekisa ukuthi imoto ihlala ivikelekile ngisho nalapho injini isebenza. Amanye amasistimu ahlanganisa izinzwa zokushisa futhi angakwazi ukuqala injini ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze igcine izinga lokushisa langaphakathi elinethezeka.
Tshekisa ama-alamu emoto yezinzwa
Ama-alamu emoto enzwa etshekile aklanyelwe ukubona izinguquko ku-engeli yemoto, njengalezo ezibangelwa ukudonsa noma ukugqekeza. Lawa masistimu asebenzisa izinzwa ze-gyroscopic ukuqapha i-engeli yokutsheka yemoto. Uma i-engeli ishintsha ngaphezu komkhawulo othile, okubonisa umzamo wokweba ongase ube khona, i-alamu iyacushwa. Izinzwa zokutshekisa zisebenza kahle kakhulu ekuntshontsheni amasondo nokudonsa okungagunyaziwe.
Ama-alamu emoto yezinzwa zokuphuka kwengilazi
Ama-alamu emoto enzwa ye-Glass break asebenzisa izinzwa ze-acoustic ukuthola imvamisa yomsindo wengilazi ephukayo. Lezi zinzwa ziyalinganiswa ukuze zibone ibanga elithile lefrikhwensi elikhiqizwayo lapho ingilazi iphihlika. Uma kutholwa umzamo wokugqekeza ohlanganisa ingilazi yewindi, i-alamu iyasebenza. Amanye amamodeli athuthukile asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obukabili, ukuhlanganisa izinzwa ze-acoustic nengcindezi, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba kokutholwa nokunciphisa ama-alamu angamanga.
Izinto okufanele uzicabangele lapho ukhetha imikhiqizo
Uhlobo lohlelo
Ukukhetha phakathi kwezinhlelo zendlela eyodwa kanye nezimbili kubandakanya ukuqonda amakhono abo okuxhumana. Amasistimu endlela eyodwa adlulisa amasignali ukusuka kusilawuli kude kuya emotweni kodwa awanikezi impendulo, awenza abe lula futhi angabizi kakhulu. Amasistimu wezindlela ezimbili asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-RF (ifrikhwensi yomsakazo) ukuthumela amasignali kokubili ukuya noma ukusuka emotweni, ehlinzeka ngezibuyekezo zesimo zesikhathi sangempela, njengokuqinisekiswa kwezingidi zeminyango noma izibangeli ze-alamu. Lokhu kuxhumana okuqondiswa kabili kuthuthukisa ukuvikeleka ngokuvumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwesimo semoto, okubalulekile ezindaweni ezinokwebiwa okuphezulu.
Izici ze-alamu
Ama-alamu ezimoto esimanje afika nezici ezihlukahlukene ezithuthukisa kokubili ukuphepha nokunethezeka. Amasistimu okuqalisa akude ngokuvamile asebenzisa ukubethela kwedatha okuvikelekile ukuze avimbele ukuphuma kwesignali, okuvumela imoto ukuthi iqaliswe ukusuka endaweni eyikhilomitha elilodwa. Ukuhlanganiswa kokhiye wesicabha samandla kusebenzisa isistimu yokukhiya emaphakathi yemoto, engalawulwa ngesilawuli kude se-alamu, okuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kalula. Izinzwa eziseduze, zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-ultrasonic noma i-microwave, zibona ukunyakaza eduze kwemoto futhi zinganikeza izexwayiso ngaphambi kokuthi kwenzeke ukuphulwa. Izinzwa zomthelela, ngokuvamile ezisekelwe ku-piezoelectric noma i-MEMS, zibona ukushaqeka noma ukudlidliza okuvela ekuzameni ukugqekeza bese zicupha i-alamu. Izici ezinganyakazi zikhubaza nge-elekthronikhi isistimu yokubasa, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ama-transponder chips axhumana ne-ECU yemoto ukuvimbela ukuqala okungagunyaziwe.
Ukufakwa nezindleko
Ukufakwa kochwepheshe kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isistimu ye-alamu ihlanganiswe kahle nesistimu kagesi yemoto. Ukufaka okungalungile kungaholela ekuhlulekeni kwesistimu noma kuma-alamu angamanga. Izindleko zokufaka zingahluka kuye ngobunkimbinkimbi besistimu kanye nemodeli yemoto. Ukwengeza, izici ezifana nokulandelela i-GPS zingadinga imali yokubhalisa, ezengeza kuzo zonke izindleko. Lezi zinhlelo zokulandela umkhondo zisebenzisa amasiginali wesathelayithi ukuze zinikeze idatha yendawo yesikhathi sangempela, okungaba bucayi ekubuyiseleni izimoto ezebiwe.
Imvelo yokusetshenziswa
Indawo lapho imoto ipakwe khona idlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni izici ezidingekayo ze-alamu yemoto. Isibonelo, izimoto ezipakwe ezakhiweni eziphakeme kakhulu noma ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezinokuphazanyiswa okukhulu kwe-elekthronikhi zingazuza kuma-alamu anamakhono okuxhumana amafrikhwensi aphezulu, okuqinisekisa ukuthi amasignali adluliswa futhi atholwa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Amasistimu anebanga lokusebenza elinwetshiwe, kwesinye isikhathi kufika kumamayela amathathu, aqinisekisa ukuthi imoto ingalawulwa ukude ngisho nasezimweni eziyinselele.
Ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe
Ukuhlola isidingo sezinzwa ezengeziwe kubalulekile ezimotweni ezipakwe ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu noma ezithwala izinto ezibalulekile. Izinzwa ezitshekisayo, zisebenzisa i-accelerometer noma ubuchwepheshe be-gyroscopic, zibona izinguquko ku-engeli yemoto, ezivimbela ukweba ngokudonsa noma ukususwa kwesondo. Izinzwa zokuphuka kwengilazi, zisebenzisa izinzwa ze-acoustic ezibona imvamisa yengilazi ephukayo, zinikeza isendlalelo esengeziwe sokuvikela ngokumelene nokuhlaselwa kwe-smash-grab. Amasistimu athuthukile angase futhi ahlanganise izinhlobo zezinzwa eziningi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba kokutholwa nokunciphisa ama-alamu angamanga.
Isiphetho
Ukukhetha isistimu ye-alamu yemoto efanele kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwemoto okuphelele nokuthula kwengqondo. Ngezinhlobonhlobo zezici ezithuthukile nobuchwepheshe obutholakalayo, kubalulekile ukukhetha isistimu ehlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zokuphepha futhi elingana nendawo yemoto. Ukutshala imali ohlelweni lwe-alamu olusezingeni eliphezulu akuvikeli nje kuphela ekwebiweni nasekungeneni okungagunyaziwe kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukuphepha okuphelele nokusebenza kwemoto.
