Sivame ukubukela phansi umsebenzi obonakala ungabalulekile we amatheminali ebhethri ngenkathi ejabulela ukunethezeka kwezinto zikagesi. Kodwa amatheminali ayingxenye ebalulekile yokuxhumana kukagesi phakathi kwamabhethri namasekhethi. Nakuba zingase zibonakale zilula, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunikezeni amandla isidingo esinganeliseki sobuchwepheshe nezimboni. Ngakho-ke lezi zindawo zamabhethri ezizigqajayo zitholakala yonke indawo futhi zitholakala kukho konke kusukela emishinini emikhulu yasemkhathini kuya ezimotweni ezincane, omakhalekhukhwini, nezinto zikagesi zasendlini, njll., futhi zizoqhubeka zikhona inqobo nje uma abantu bedinga amandla kagesi.
Lapha, sizokwethula izinhlobo ezijwayelekile, izinhlelo zokusebenza, nezikhombisi-ndlela ze-R&D zamatheminali ebhethri ezinsuku zamanje.
Okuqukethwe
Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zamatheminali ebhethri
Izindawo zamanje zezicelo ezinkulu kanye nomnotho wemakethe wamatheminali amabhethri
Ukucatshangelwa kokukhetha nokusebenzisa amatheminali ebhethri
Izikhombisi-ndlela ze-R&D zamatheminali ebhethri
Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zamatheminali ebhethri
Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwamatheminali amabhethri amane amakhulu - ingcindezi, iphinikhodi, intambo, kanye nokulayisha kwentwasahlobo - kuhlobene nokuma kwazo, indlela yokuxhuma, amandla okuthwala okwamanje, nokufaneleka kwendawo ezungezile. Isibonelo, amatheminali ebhethri anomfutho ancike ekucindezelweni okuqondile ukugcina ukuxhumana nebhethri, esetshenziswa kusetshenziswa isiphethu noma enye into eguquguqukayo ephusha itheminali kubhethri; amatheminali ebhethri anentambo axhuma ngomshini wokujiya; amatheminali ebhethri ephinikhodi axhuma ngoxhumano lwesilisa (iphini) nowesifazane (isokhethi); kanye namatheminali ebhethri alayishwe intwasahlobo asebenzisa indlela yasentwasahlobo ukufaka ingcindezi engaguquki ekuthinteni ibhethri.
Mayelana nomthamo wamanje, amatheminali ebhethri anomfutho kanye namatheminali ebhethri anentambo ngokuvamile asekela ama-currents ebangeni elingu-200-300A, kuyilapho amatheminali ebhethri aphina kanye namatheminali ebhethri alayishwe intwasahlobo ngokuvamile aphatha amaza angaphansi kuka-50A.
Okwamanje, amatheminali amaningi ebhethri enzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile, okwenza kudingeke ukuthi kukhethwe amatheminali ebhethri ngokusekelwe ezidingweni eziqondile zesimo sohlelo olunikeziwe.
Ngezansi sibheka kabanzi izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zamatheminali ebhethri kanye nezimo zohlelo lwazo:
| Uhlobo | Isingeniso esifushane | Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza |
| Amatheminali ebhethri yokucindezela | Sungula ukuxhumana phakathi kwamasekhethi ngokusebenzisa ingcindezi ezinsimbi. Abanye bathembela ebulukhunini bemvelo bensimbi enkulu eqhutshwayo (njengethusi) ukuze ikhubazeke futhi isungule uxhumano oluqinile noluhlala njalo, ngokuvamile olungaguquki. Abanye basebenzisa izikulufu ukulawula ukucindezelwa kwensimbi, okwenza kube lula ukuzikhipha nokufaka esikhundleni. | Ikakhulukazi iqashwe ezinhlelweni ezidinga imisinga ephezulu, njengamathuluzi kagesi nezimoto zikagesi. Zenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamasekethe anamandla amakhulu futhi ziqinisekise ukudluliswa okuphumelelayo kwamandla kagesi. |
| Amatheminali ebhethri anomucu | Ifakwe isakhiwo esinentambo esiklanyelwe ukuxhuma ngokuphephile ibhethri nesekhethi. Lo mklamo awuqinisekisi kuphela ukuphepha koxhumano kodwa futhi uvumela ukuhlakazeka okulula lapho kudingeka. | Isetshenziswa kakhulu kumabhethri ezimoto namathuluzi ezimboni. Idizayini enentambo yenza lawa matheminali akwazi ukubekezelela izinto ezinzima, okuhlanganisa ukudlidliza okuphezulu namandla kagesi aphezulu, okuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuthembekile kwesekethe ezindaweni ezithile. |
| Phina amatheminali ebhethri | Ivamise ukugqunywa izikhonkwane zensimbi eziphumela ngaphandle, ezivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuxhuma amasekhethi kumabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe (ama-PCB), imvamisa ngokusoda. | Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni zikagesi, okuhlanganisa amabhodi omama ekhompuyutha, amasistimu ashumekiwe, namathuluzi kagesi. Zinikeza ukuxhumana okuthembekile futhi ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa ukusiza ukujikeleza okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwama-chips noma phakathi kwama-chip nezinzwa noma amadivayisi asabelayo. |
| Amatheminali ebhethri alayishwe entwasahlobo | Ifaka isakhiwo sentwasahlobo esicindezelayo, esivumela ukushutheka nokususwa kalula ukuze kusungulwe noma kunqanyulwe uxhumano lwesekethe. | Itholakala ngemimo ehlukahlukene edizayinelwe ukufanisa ukucushwa kwesekhethi efanele noma ibhethri. Ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa kumadivayisi aphathekayo njengamandla kagesi eselula, okokusebenza okulalelwayo okuphathekayo, kanye namadivayisi okuhlola nawokulinganisa. Lawa matheminali anika amandla izinguquko ezilula ekuxhumekeni kwesekethe nasekunqanyulweni, okuqinisekisa ukuthintana kukagesi okuthembekile. |
Izindawo zamanje zezicelo ezinkulu kanye nomnotho wemakethe wamatheminali amabhethri
Amatheminali ebhethri asondelene kakhulu nokuvela kwemboni ye-elekthronikhi yabathengi. Ngokuhlanganiswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa nobunye ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa kuma-elekthronikhi wabathengi, ijubane lokubuyekezwa komkhiqizo lilungele ukusheshisa. Lokhu, kulindeleke ukuthi kuholele ekwandeni kosayizi wemakethe ngaphakathi kwemboni yezogesi zabathengi, okuzoholela ekukhuleni kwemakethe yamatheminali ebhethri.
Usayizi wemakethe yomhlaba wonke yamatheminali amabhethri wawucishe ube ngu-US $24.68 billion ngo-2022, ngokokuhlaziywa kwedatha yomlando kusuka ngo-2016 kuya ku-2022, okukhombisa izinga lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka (CAGR) elicishe libe ngu-5.42%. Kubikezelwa ukuthi le makethe izodlula ama-US $ 30 wezigidigidi ngo-2028. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isivinini esisheshayo sokuthuthuka okuphindaphindiwe emikhiqizweni ye-elekthronikhi sikulungele ukukhiqiza amathuba kanye nezimfuneko zokusebenza eziphakeme zemikhiqizo yokugcina amabhethri.
Iketanga lemboni yamabhethri lihlanganisa imikhakha ekhuphukayo yensimbi, ipulasitiki, kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa zokucwenga, kanye nemboni yokukhiqiza ephakathi nendawo, ehlanganisa ukugxiviza, ukucwenga, ukubumba umjovo, nokuhlanganisa, phakathi kokunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idlulela embonini yezicelo ezingezansi.
Amatheminali ebhethri manje asetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni elandelayo:
Izimoto kagesi
Amatheminali ebhethri ezimoto akhethekile asebenza njengemithombo yamandla ezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi nezinhlelo zokuphepha zolwazi, ngokuvamile ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwebanga lamanje lama-amps angu-40 kuya kwangu-100. Lawa matheminali akhelwe ngenhloso ukumelana namandla kagesi aphezulu, izimfuno zikagesi, nokudlidliza okunzima okuhlobene nokusebenza kwemoto.
The imoto kagesi (EV) imboni ibone ukwanda okumangazayo okungu-30% kwesabelo semakethe eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Lokhu kuqubuka kuwumphumela wokushintsha kwemboni yezimoto kusukela ezimotweni ezisetshenziswa uphethiloli ezivamile ukuya kwezinye zikagesi neziyingxube. Ngokulandelayo, ukwanda okukhulu komkhakha wezimoto zikagesi kudale ukukhula okukhulu emakethe yokuhlanganisa amabhethri. Kulindeleke ukuthi le makethe ifinyelele ku-US $8 billion eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo, nge-CAGR ehlongozwayo ka-5% ngesikhathi sokubikezela.
Ama-electronics abathengi
I-Consumer electronics yakha imakethe enkulu, enezigidigidi zamadola, ehlanganisa amakhulu ezigidi zamadivayisi aphathekayo, okuhlanganisa ama-smartphone, amaphilisi, amakhamera, ama-headphone, nokunye. Lawa madivayisi ancike kakhulu kumatheminali ebhethri ukuze anikeze amandla awo, okwenza kudingeke amandla amancane okushaja alawa matheminali ebhethri. Ngenxa yentuthuko esheshayo yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezidingo ezikhulayo zamatheminali amabhethri, usayizi wemakethe wamatheminali amabhethri endaweni yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-elekthronikhi ulungele ukukhula ngo-6% noma ngaphezulu esikhathini esizayo.
Ezempi kanye ne-aerospace
Imibandela ethile yamatheminali ebhethri izungeza kakhulu isidingo sokuqinisekisa ukwethembeka okuphezulu nokusebenza kahle ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo eziyinselele. Uma kubhekwa isimo sezempi esishintshayo, intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bokuhlola indawo, kanye nokwanda kwemvamisa yemishini, kulinganiselwa ukuthi isidingo semakethe samatheminali amabhethri anokwethenjwa okukhethekile sizoqhubeka nokukhula. Ngokusekelwe kudatha yomlando, usayizi wokusetshenziswa kokugcina womkhakha wezokuvikela kanye ne-aerospace cishe u-25% wemboni yezimoto futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ufinyelele e-US $ 4 billion ngo-2028.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amatheminali ebhethri abalulekile kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amadivayisi we-Inthanethi Yezinto (IoT), izinhlelo zokusebenza zasolwandle, nokunakekelwa kwezempilo okuhlakaniphile. Uma kubhekwa ukubaluleka nokuhlukahluka kwalezi zindawo zamabhethri, yiziphi izinto ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe?
Ukucatshangelwa kokukhetha nokusebenzisa amatheminali ebhethri
Ukukhetha imodeli
Ukukhetha itheminali yebhethri efanele kubalulekile ukuze uqinisekise ukuxhumana okuphephile, okuthembekile, nokuphephile. Nakhu okufanele ukucabangele:
- Material: Amatheminali ebhethri ngokuvamile akhiwa ngezinsimbi ezifana nethusi, i-aluminium, noma insimbi engagqwali. Ukukhethwa kwezinto ngokuyinhloko kulawula ukusebenza kwetheminali, ukumelana nokugqwala, namandla okumelana namazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene.
- Isilinganiso samandla kagesi: Le parameter ichaza umkhawulo kagesi wesistimu amatheminali aklanyiwe okungafanele adlule phakathi nokufakwa. Ngokuvamile kuncike ezintweni ezifana ne-pitch namandla e-dielectric endlu.
- Isilinganiso samanje: Isilinganiso samanje sibonisa inani eliphezulu lamanje lepali ngayinye lapho ibhulokhi yetheminali yakhelwe khona. Lokhu kucaciswa kukagesi kuvame ukuthonywa izinto ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa indawo enqamula izingxenye ezithile, i-terminal conductivity, ukukhiqizwa kokushisa endaweni yamanje elinganisiwe (okulandela amazinga e-UL1059), noma ukuchithwa kwamandla okwamanje okulinganiselwe (ngokwezindinganiso ze-IEC 60947-7).
- Uhlobo lokunqamula: Uhlobo lokunqamula luchaza indlela yokusebenza esetshenziswa ukuxhuma izintambo kumatheminali. Izindlela zokuxhuma ezijwayelekile zifaka i-crimping, i-soldering, nokuxhumeka kwentambo.
- Ibanga lezintambo: Ububanzi bezintambo bumele ubuncane kanye nobukhulu bosayizi bezintambo itheminali eklanyelwe ukubathwala.
- Izimo zemvelo: Amatheminali asetshenziswe ezimeni ezehlukene zemvelo adinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kwezici ezifanele, ezihlanganisa izinga lokushisa, umswakama, ukudlidliza, ukushaqeka, nokumelana nokugqwala.
Ukufakwa nokuhlolwa
Ngemva kokucatshangelwa okufanele kwezinto ezishiwo ngenhla kanye nokukhetha umkhiqizo ongase ube khona, kubalulekile ukuqapha ngesikhathi sokufaka nesigaba sokuhlola. Ukunakekela okukhethekile kufanele kunikelwe ekutholeni izinto ezinjengokungathintani kahle, ukungezwani okwanele, nokungafani kokumelana. Ukwenzeka kwalezi zimo kungase kubangelwe izici ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izindlela ezingafanele zokugcina, ingcindezi enganele, ukweqiwa kwemikhawulo yetorque yesikulufa ngesikhathi sokufakwa, amaphutha ekubunjweni kwensimbi okusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokucubungula, ukuqedwa kwendawo emangelengele, kanye nokukhethwa ngokunganaki kwezinqubo zokucwenga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkinga zingase ziphakame ngenxa yezinto ezifana nokungena komswakama noma ukuguga kwezinto eziphilayo.
Sincoma ukuthi amatheminali ahlolwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zemvelo ezotholwa yinhlangano ephelele. Lezi zivivinyo kufanele zihlanganise ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kokucisha, ukutholwa kokuphazamiseka ngokushesha, ubuqotho bokwehlukanisa, ukushintshashintsha, ukuhlolwa kokuvumelana nezimo, ukuhlolwa kobukhulu bamanje be-torque, ukunqunywa kokubekezelela i-torque enkulu, amandla amanje okudlula ngokweqile noma okuncibilika, ukuhlolwa kwengcindezi yezintambo ezingaba khona, nezinye izici ezifanele. Ukwengeza, ekuhlolweni kwetheminali yebhethri, kusetshenziswe isihlaziyi esikhethekile setheminali esiphambanweni kuyancomeka. Le mishini isiza ukuhlaziya okuzenzakalelayo ngokuhlinza, ukugaya, nokuhlola ukugqwala esigabeni sokugoqa setheminali, ekugcineni ikhiqize umbiko wekhwalithi obanzi.
Ukugcinwa njalo
Ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa, kubalulekile ukuhlola njalo ukuxhumana kwetheminali kanye nokuhlanzeka kwakho. Ezimweni lapho ukugqwala kubonakala ngesikhathi sokunakekelwa, kungalungiswa ngokuphumelelayo ngokuhlanza ngengxube ye-baking soda namanzi. Ukugqwala, uma kuhlangatshezwane nakho, kungaxazululwa ngokusebenzisa isikhiphi sokugqwala noma uwoyela ongenelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokugcoba zingasetshenziswa ukunciphisa amatheminali aqiniswe kakhulu.
Izikhombisi-ndlela ze-R&D zamatheminali ebhethri
Ucwaningo lwakamuva emkhakheni wamatheminali ebhethri lugxile kakhulu ekusebenziseni, ubuhlakani, kanye nokwenza okuncane kwezinto ezintsha. Ngokuzayo, amatheminali ebhethri kulindeleke ukuthi afake ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe nokuzinza, avumelane nemvelo kakhudlwana, abe nokuqapha isimo sebhethri ngesikhathi sangempela, futhi enze kube lula ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo emincane ye-elekthronikhi. Isibonelo, isidingo esikhulayo sokushajwa ngokushesha ezimotweni zamandla amasha sibeka izidingo ezinkulu kumthamo wamanje wokubamba wamatheminali ebhethri. Njengamanje, iziteshi zokushaja ezinamandla amakhulu zingakwazi ukuletha kufika ku-500kW nesilinganiso esiphezulu esingu-650A. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuphishekela izixazululo zokushaja ezisheshayo nezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ukunciphisa isisindo ekwakhiweni kwetheminali, nokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kokuxhumeka kukagesi kumelela izindlela ezithembisayo kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa kwetheminali yebhethri yesikhathi esizayo.
