Ingabe kufanele ucabange ukuthenga i-crane yeloli esetshenzisiwe kunokuthenga entsha? Kunokucatshangelwa okumbalwa okubalulekile okunganquma ukuthi ukuthenga i-crane esetshenzisiwe kuyisinqumo esingabizi kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sibheka ububanzi nokukhetha kwama-cranes asetshenziswa ngokuvamile atholakalayo, futhi inikeza isiqondiso sokuthi yini okufanele uyihlole nokuthi ungawuhlola kanjani u-crane osetshenzisiwe, ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi uthenge okulungile.
Okuqukethwe
Imakethe ye-crane yeloli yesibili
Yini eyenza i-crane yeloli esetshenzisiwe ithengwe kangcono kunentsha?
Ukutholakala kwe-crane yeloli lesibili
Yini okufanele icatshangelwe lapho ufuna i-crane yeloli esetshenzisiwe
Imicabango yokugcina
Imakethe ye-crane yeloli yesibili
Imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-crane crane kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ngenani lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka (CAGR) nxazonke 6% kusukela ngo-2022 kuya ku-2025, kusuka kunani lika-2022 le I-USD 11 billion kunani le I-USD 20 billion. Lokhu kukhula kuqhutshwa ukwanda komhlaba wonke kwemiklamo yokwakha nengqalasizinda.
Kodwa-ke, ukungaqiniseki kwezomnotho kwangemva kobhubhane kwenza abathengi baqaphele kakhulu ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu emishinini emisha, ikakhulukazi ngenani eliphezulu lamaphrojekthi abambezelekile noma akhanseliwe, kanye nengcindezi enkulu yezindleko nemali etholakala kancane. Abakhiqizi be-crane nabo sebeqaphile mayelana nokukhulisa ukukhiqizwa kanye nempahla, okuholela esitokisini esisha esincane emakethe.
Sekukonke, lezi zici zisebenzela ukugcina amanani aphezulu ama-cranes amasha futhi zivimbele abathengi abasha. Ngakho-ke ukutholakala kanye nentengo ephansi yama-cranes amaloli asetshenzisiwe sekuyinketho ekhangayo kulabo abafuna ukuthenga. Inani lemali elondolozwe ngokuthenga okwesibili lizohluka kuye ngemodeli, ubudala namahora okusetshenziswa, nesimo sisonke, kanye nokuthi umthengisi ubeka amanani entengo yesitoko sakhe ngokweqiniso kangakanani. Kodwa-ke, kuyamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi imishini emisha ilahlekelwa kufika ku-20% ngokuyikhipha egunjini lokubonisa, futhi kufika komunye u-20% ngokusebenzisa ukuguga nokuklebhuka kokuqala. Ngakho-ke kunengqondo ukulinganisa ukuthi i-crane yeloli esebenzisa okulinganiselwe ingase ilethe phakathi kuka-20-40% isaphulelo senani lomshini omusha.
Yini eyenza i-crane yeloli esetshenzisiwe ithengwe kangcono kunentsha?
Okhreni bamaloli baziwa nangokuthi okhrayini abahambayo, amaloli ahamba phambili, ama-cranes agibele emalolini (TMCs), noma ama-HIAB (igama lobunikazi eseliphenduke igama elivamile lama-cranes wamaloli). Zine-crane boom egibele umbhede weloli futhi zingafika ngosayizi abaningi, kusukela emalolini amancane ama-flatbed kuya kubathuthi abakhulu abanamasondo amaningi. Kodwa-ke ama-cranes amaloli ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa ngomthamo wawo wokuphakamisa kunosayizi wemoto, okhreyini abancane abaphakamisa ngaphansi kwamathani angu-5, kulawo angaphakamisa amathani angaphezu kuka-1200.
Okhreni bamaloli banikeza inzuzo ngaphezu kokhreyini abangaguquki, njengoba behamba futhi bangasuswa ngokushesha besuka komunye umsebenzi baye komunye, kuyilapho u-crene ogxilile noma owumbhoshongo uthatha isikhathi nomzamo wokuwuqaqa futhi uhlanganiswe kabusha ukuze ususwe. Okhreni bamaloli bangaphinde bathwale imithwalo emincane ngokhreyini onamathiselwe, ngokuya ngomthamo womthwalo we-chassis yeloli.
Njengoba kunikezwe lezi zinzuzo zama-cranes amaloli, umthengi obheka ukuthenga imodeli esetshenzisiwe uzofuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthenga okungenzeka kubiza kakhulu nokuthi kokubili iloli kanye ne-crane kusasebenza ngokugcwele. Ezinye izindawo ezibalulekile okufanele uzihlole zihlanganisa:
Ukufaneleka komgwaqo. Iloli kusafanele libe selikulungele ukuba semgwaqweni futhi lihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokunikeza izitifiketi zeziphathimandla zendawo. Iloli elinganakekelwa kahle futhi elingakwazi ukudlula isitifiketi somgwaqo ngeke lisaba i-crane ehambayo ngaphandle kwezindleko ezengeziwe.
Ukuwohloka. Ngokuya ngendawo obusebenza kuyo i-crane yeloli, ingase ibonise izimpawu zokugqwala, ukulimala, noma ukulungiswa okungalungile nokushintshwa. Konke lokhu kungaba nomthelela kumthamo nokuphepha kwe-crane yeloli futhi kungadinga ukulungiswa okumba eqolo ukwenza umshini usebenze ngokugcwele.
Amandla okuphakamisa. Ama-cranes ayaguga futhi alahlekelwa amandla ehhashi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Umfutho we-hydraulic ongemuhle, izingxenye zenjini ezigugile nama-seal, kanye nokuguga okuvamile kwezingxenye, zonke izici ezinganciphisa amandla okuphakamisa u-crane. Ngakho-ke ukucaciswa kokuphakanyiswa kungenzeka kungasakwazi ukufezeka.
Maintenance amarekhodi. I-crane yeloli enakekelwa kahle futhi inakekelwa ingase ibe nempilo ende nenwetshiwe. Umnikazi wangaphambili kufanele agcine amarekhodi amahle noma izikhawu zesevisi, izinguquko zoketshezi nezihlungi kanye nanoma yikuphi ukulungiswa okukhulu noma ukushintshwa.
Ukutholakala kwe-crane yeloli lesibili
Ama-cranes amaloli kuhlukaniswa ngamandla okuphakamisa, njengomsebenzi omncane (ngaphansi kwamathani ama-5), umsebenzi ophakathi (phakathi kwamathani ama-5-15), umsebenzi osindayo (phakathi kwamathani ayi-15-50), kanye nomsebenzi osindayo owengeziwe (ngaphezu kwamathani angama-50). Ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwamathani angu-5 kukhona amaloli ane-crane mount eyengeziwe kanye ne-boom eqhutshwa ngesandla. Kusukela phezulu kwamathani angu-5, i-crane isebenza ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwendlu ye-crane ehlukile. I-wheelbase nenani lamasondo liyakhula ngesisindo, lisuka kumasondo angu-4 kuma-cranes amaloli amancane, kuya kumasondo angu-10-12 kuma-cranes asindayo. Lesi sigaba sibheka okukhethiwe kwezinhlobo, izinhlobo nezintengo zamamodeli asetshenzisiwe ngaphansi kwesigaba ngasinye.
Umsebenzi olula (kufika ku-5 ton)
| imodeli | Power | Phakamisa Amandla | Phakama Ubude | Iminyaka Yomshini | Intengo (i-USD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bochi | 7.5kw | I-2 ithoni | 4m | NA | 20,000 |
| SQ3.2ZK1 | 14kw | I-3.2 ithoni | 2m | 2019 | 8,000 |
| SQ3.2ZK1 | 14kw | I-3.2 ithoni | 6.7m | 2020 | 15,000 |
Umsebenzi omaphakathi (amathani angama-5-15)
| imodeli | Power | Phakamisa Amandla | Phakama Ubude | Iminyaka Yomshini | Intengo (i-USD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-Dongfeng EHY5160JSQD | 140kw | I-5 ithoni | 12m | 2020 | 20,000 |
| China brand jjs-8T | 64kw | I-8 ithoni | 25m | 2020 | 33,000 |
| Isuzu Giga | 30kw | I-12 ithoni | 15m | 2018 | 15,300 |
Umsebenzi osindayo (15-50 ton)
| imodeli | Power | Phakamisa Amandla | Phakama Ubude | Iminyaka Yomshini | Intengo (i-USD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-Kato NK250E | 247kw | I-25 ithoni | 35m | 2015 | 31,000 |
| I-Tadano TG-500E | 260kw | I-50 ithoni | 42m | 2018 | 65,000 |
| I-SANY STC750 | NA | I-50 ithoni | 53m | 2016 | 60,000 |
Umsebenzi osindayo owengeziwe (ngaphezulu kwamathani angama-50)
| imodeli | Power | Phakamisa Amandla | Phakama Ubude | Iminyaka Yomshini | Intengo (i-USD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-Zoomlion 100T | NA | I-100 ithoni | 60m | 2018 | 113,000 |
| I-XCMG QY130K | 162kw | I-130 ithoni | 42m | 2009 | 250,000 |
| I-Liebherr LT1300 | 1850kw | I-300 ithoni | 40m | 2012 | 50,000 |
Yini okufanele icatshangelwe lapho ufuna i-crane yeloli esetshenzisiwe
Imishini eminingi esindayo ingasebenza ngokugcwele ngokushintshwa kwezingxenye ezimbalwa ezinkulu kanye nokugcinwa kahle, kuyilapho ama-cranes wamaloli enezinto ezinkulu zokuphepha okufanele zicatshangelwe. Isimo sezulu kanye nokugqwala, ukungaphathwa kahle, noma ukulungiswa okungalungile noma amazinga okunakekelwa konke kungaba nomthelela kumthamo nokuphepha kwe-crane yeloli.
Izingxenye ezimbili ezinkulu ze-crane yeloli iloli ngokwalo (injini, chassis, cab, outriggers, njll), bese kuba i-crane (ikhebhu esebenzayo, i-turntable, ama-boom, intambo yocingo, ihuku, njll). Lesi sigaba sizobheka ukuthi yini okufanele ihlolwe kulezi zingxenye eziyinhloko kanye nezingxenye zazo ngazinye.
Ukuhlolwa kwamaloli
I-chassis yamaloli: I-chassis yamaloli izohluka kuye ngobukhulu be-crane, kodwa kunezimo zeloli eziyisisekelo okufanele uzibheke futhi ezinye eziqondile kakhulu ekuphatheni u-crane. Amasondo, amathayi nama-ekseli kumele ahlolwe ukuthi awonakele yini noma agugile. I-chassis yeloli izodinga ukuthatha isisindo se-crane nanoma yiziphi izinto eziphakamisayo, kanye nokuhamba futhi kuphephile ukushayela. Yiziphi izidingo zasendaweni zokulungela umgwaqo, futhi ingabe iloli liyahlangabezana nezidingo?
Injini: Injini izodinga ukuthi ibe sesimweni esihle futhi isebenze kahle. Kumelwe inyakaze umbhede weloli kanye nama-crane mountings ngamandla nokuzinza. Ingabe injini ibukeka ihlanzekile futhi inakekelwe, noma kukhona izimpawu zokuvuza? Ukuvuza kungavela ekufakweni okungalungile kwepayipi, kanye nama-gaskets aphukile noma angalungile. Okhreni bamaloli ngokuvamile bayizinjini zikadizili. Ingabe kukhona intuthu emhlophe noma emnyama? Uma injini inesitifiketi sokukhishwa kwe-EPA, njenge-Euro 5 noma i-Euro 6, hlola ukuthi injini isasebenza ngokwezindinganiso. Hlola amarekhodi okunakekela ukuthi ingabe uwoyela, uketshezi nezihlungi zishintshiwe njalo, futhi ingabe zikhona izingxenye ezinkulu ezithathelwe indawo izingxenye zekhwalithi?
Ikhebhu yamaloli: Elolini eliphakathi nendawo ukuya elikhulu, ikhabethe lomshayeli eliyinhloko lihlukene nekhebhu yomqhubi we-crane. Hlola i-cab yomshayeli ukuthi iphethwe kahle yini. Hlola amagiya namabhuleki, izinsimbi, bese uqinisekisa ukuthi konke kusebenza ngendlela efanele. Hlola i-tachometer bese uyiqhathanisa nerekhodi lesondlo ukuze uqinisekise amahora okusebenza kweloli.
Umbhede wamaloli nama-counterweights: Ama-counterweights ku-crane weloli abalulekile ukuvumela iloli ne-crane ukuthi ithwale imithwalo esindayo ngaphandle kokugibela phezulu. Ama-counterweights atholakala ngemuva kwe-crane futhi umsebenzi wawo ukwehlisa umthwalo ongase ube khona wokuphakamisa i-crane, ukuvimbela iloli ukuthi lingatsheliseli lapho libheke khona. Izisindo ziyengezwa noma zikhishwe ukuze zibhekelele umthwalo ophakanyiswayo. Hlola isimo se-counterweights.
Ama-Outriggers nama-hydraulics: Okhreni bamaloli bathuthukisa ukuzinza kwabo nabaphuma ngaphandle. Ama-outriggers asuka embhedeni weloli esebenzisa ama-hydraulics, futhi anikeze ukuzinza okudingekayo kakhulu kweloli ngokwandisa indawo yalo. Hlola ukuthi ama-outriggers ayanwebeka futhi atshalwe ngendlela efanele futhi eqinile. Hlola ukuthi bayahoxisa ngokuphelele. Hlola ama-hydraulic kanye nerekhodi lokulondolozwa. Hlola wonke amapayipi nokufakwa ukuze uthole uphawu oluqinile, nokuthi alukho uphawu lokuvuza.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Crane
I-Crane operator cab: Ikhebhu yomsebenzisi ihlala eduze kwesisekelo se-crane, ukusuka lapho u-opharetha elawula khona i-crane. Iklanyelwe ukunikeza u-opharetha ukubonakala okuphezulu eduze kweloli kanye ne-crane ngenkathi ehamba. Hlola izilawuli, amaphaneli wezinsimbi, izinti zokudlala kanye namaphedali onyawo. Hlola ukuthi amafasitela ezingilazi alungile yini nokuthi ukubonakala akulimazi. Hlola ukuthi isihlalo sika-opharetha asiphukile futhi sinokulungiswa kwamahhala.
I-Turntable kanye nama-bearings: I-turntable ibamba isisekelo se-crane futhi isixhuma embhedeni weloli. I-turntable yakhelwe ukuthi ijikeleze ngamadigri angu-360, futhi ithatha isisindo se-crane boom, ihuku nomthwalo onamathiselwe. Kumelwe ijike ngokushelela ngaphandle kokungalingani noma ukungazinzi, noma kungase kube nenkinga nge-swing bear, okungabiza ukushintshwa.
I-Telescopic boom: I-boom ye-telescopic inweba nama-hydraulics anamandla ukusuka endaweni yawo yokupaka kuya ekufinyeleleni okuphezulu kwe-crane. I-boom iphethe isisindo esikhulu somthwalo. Hlola ukuthi inganwebeka futhi ihlehle kahle futhi uhlole wonke ama-hydraulics ukuvuza okunganciphisa umfutho we-hydraulic. Hlola zonke izigaba ze-boom ukuze uthole izimpawu zobuthakathaka noma zokulimala, njengokuqhekeka noma ukulungiswa kwamapuleti ashiselwe.
I-Lattice boom: I-lattice boom iwuhlaka lwama-spars ensimbi, anikeza i-boom ukubukeka kwe-lattice, futhi yakhelwe ukusabalalisa isisindo somthwalo kulo lonke uhlaka. Ama-lattice boom angubude obungaguquki, kuyilapho ama-telescopic boom enzelwe ukunwebeka. Hlola ukuxhumana okuphukile emalungeni ama-spars, noma noma yiziphi izimpawu zokushisela noma zokulungisa. Ama-spars awonakele noma aphukile, noma ukulungiswa kabi kokushisela, konke kungenza buthaka uhlaka lwe-lattice, kwehlise isisindo sokuphakamisa esiphezulu futhi kubangele nokwehluleka okuyinhlekelele.
Jib: Uma i-crane inokunamathiselwe kwe-jib ongayikhetha, ukuze unwebe ukufinyelela ngaphezu kobude be-boom, hlola isimo se-jib kanye nezikhonkwane zokuxhuma namalugi. Uma i-jib iyi-lattice jib, hlola uhlaka lwe-jib ngendlela efanayo neye-lattice boom.
Izithungu, ibhulokhi nehhuku: Ihuku ngokuvamile yenziwe ngensimbi eqinile eqinile, futhi ingase ifike ne-latch yokuphepha ukuvimbela ukushelela komthwalo. Hlola ukuthi ihhuku aliphelele yini alinamifantu nokuthi i-latch yokuphepha iyasebenza. Hlola ibhulokhi nezikhonkwane, nezithungu (ama-pulleys) ngaphakathi kwayo. Hlola ukuthi ziqinile futhi azicolile noma aziboshiwe, nokuthi zizungeza ngokukhululeka. Kufanele zigcotshwe kahle.
Intambo yocingo: Ikhebula lensimbi, noma intambo yocingo, ithatha isisindo somthwalo kuhuku, ngokusebenzisa izithungu kanye ne-boom. Intambo yocingo ingaphansi kwemithwalo esindayo kanye nokuguga, futhi isengozini yokuba buthaka kanye nokulimala ngenxa yokugqwala. Intambo yocingo kufanele ihlolwe ngokucophelela ukuze kubonakale izimpawu zokugqwala kanye nezintambo ezinqamukile noma ezifayo, kokubili phezulu nasezindaweni ezijulile. Intambo ebuthaka inengozi enkulu yokuphuka futhi kufanele ishintshwe.
Imicabango yokugcina
Kukhona ukukhetha okubanzi kwama-cranes asetshenzisiwe asetshenziswa emakethe, kusukela kumamodeli amancane angama-5-10 amathani kuya kumathani ayi-100 nangaphezulu. Kunamamodeli amaningi atholakala ku-+/- 50 ton range, okubonisa osayizi abajwayelekile abasetshenziswa kakhulu. Okhrayini bamaloli bayehluka kweminye imishini esindayo, njengoba kunesidingo esengeziwe sokuphepha ekuphakamiseni nasekuhambiseni imithwalo esindayo. Izinto ezifana nokugqwala zinomthelela ku-crane ngaphezu kwalokho ebezingakwenza kusilayishi noma ugandaganda, ngoba zingafaka engozini ubuqotho be-boom nentambo yocingo futhi kuholele ezingozini.
Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi ukwazi ukuhlola ngokomzimba isimo se-crane futhi unganciki ezithombeni zodwa. Ngaphambi koku-oda ku-inthanethi, cela izithombe namavidiyo asondele kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka, kanye namakhophi agcwele amarekhodi okulungisa. Umthengi angahlola kuphela isimo ngokugcwele ngemva kokuhlolwa ngokomzimba, ngakho kungaba ukuhlakanipha ukukhetha umphakeli onikeza ukwaneliseka noma isiqinisekiso sokubuyisela. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana nokukhetha okubanzi kwama-cranes wamaloli asetshenzisiwe atholakalayo, bheka Cooig.com umbukiso.
