Uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe luyingxenye enkulu yomnotho womhlaba, futhi luyakhula. Ngo-2021 kuphela, inani eliphelele lohwebo lomhlaba wonke lali $ 28.5 isigidintathu- irekhodi eliphezulu. Futhi njengoba uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lukhula, kanjalo nezinselele ezihilelekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi ekuhwebeni ziyayiqonda izibopho nezikweletu zazo.
Ukwenza izinto zibe nzima nakakhulu, ayikho isethi eyodwa yemithetho noma izindinganiso zendlela yokuhweba ngamazwe ngamazwe—wonke umuntu unendlela yakhe yokwenza izinto.
Yilapho ama-incoterms Ngena! Ziyisethi yemithetho nemihlahlandlela yomhlaba wonke, eyakhiwe yi-International Chamber of Commerce (I-ICC) ukusiza bonke abathintekayo ekuthunyelweni kwaphesheya ukuthi baqonde amalungelo abo, ubungozi, kanye nezibopho zabo.
Le migomo yohwebo eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke isiza abathekelisa nabathumela ngaphandle ukuthi baqonde kahle ukuthi izibopho zabo zikuphi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi phakathi nenqubo yokuthumela ngemikhumbi. Kumabhizinisi ahambisa izimpahla emingceleni yamazwe ngamazwe njalo, ukuqonda ama-incoterms ahlukahlukene kungenza noma kuphule amadili awo.
Elinye igama elivame ukungaqondwa kahle ngamabhizinisi lithi “Inqola Ikhokhelwe Ku"(I-CPT), okubhekisela ohlotsheni lwendlela yokulethwa lapho umdayisi noma othumela ngaphandle akhokhela zonke izindleko zokuthutha kuze kube yilapho izimpahla zilethwa endaweni eshiwo lapho ziya khona, hhayi ngempela indawo yazo yokugcina.
Kuzwakala kudida? Asikho isidingo sokukhathazeka! Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kuzosikhanyisela emigomeni yokuthumela ye-CPT, izinzuzo zayo kanye nokubi, nalapho kunenzuzo ukuyisebenzisela abathekelisi nabangenisa kwamanye amazwe.
Okuqukethwe
Iyini Inqola Ekhokhelwayo (CPT)?
Ngabe iCarriage Paid To (CPT) isho ukuthini emibhalweni yokuthumela?
Izinzuzo Zenqola Ekhokhelwe Ku-incoterm
Okungalungile Kwenqola Ekhokhelwe Ku-incoterm
Amanye ama-incoterms okudingeka ukwazi ngawo
Iyini Inqola Ekhokhelwayo (CPT)?
Inqola Ekhokhelwayo (CPT), ingenye ye-11 imigomo yezohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe zokuthutha izimpahla emhlabeni jikelele. Itemu lokulethwa elisho ukuthi umdayisi uletha izimpahla ngezindleko zakhe kumthwali noma omunye umuntu oqokwe ongenisa impahla.
Umdayisi noma umthumeli kwamanye amazwe kufanele alethe izimpahla ezisuka lapho zisuka khona aziyise endaweni eshiwo umthengi, futhi athwale umthwalo wemfanelo wezimpahla kuze kube yilapho ziphethe ngokuphepha umthuthi wokuqala. Uma kukhona okungahambanga kahle ngesikhathi sokuthutha ukuya enkampanini yenethiwekhi yokuqala, njengokulimala noma ukulahleka kwezimpahla, umthwalo wemfanelo usemahlombe omthengisi.
Ngabe iCarriage Paid To (CPT) isho ukuthini emibhalweni yokuthumela?
Le ncazelo engenhla ilula kakhulu ukuchaza ububanzi obugcwele besibopho abathengisi abanabo, nalapho abathengi beqala khona ukuthatha ubungozi.
Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi iyini "Inqola Ekhokhelwayo", lesi sigaba sizohamba ngokuthi i-CPT isho ukuthini emithethweni yokuthumela-kuhlanganise nokuthi ubani okhokhela ukuthuthwa kwempahla, lapho ingozi idluliselwa kumthengi, okhokhela umshwalense wokuthunyelwa, nokuthi iphuzu lokulethwa linqunywa kanjani.
Ubani okhokhela ukuthuthwa kwempahla?
Ngokwemibandela yokuthumela, Inqola Ekhokhelwayo (i-CPT) isho ukuthi umdayisi noma umthekeli unesibopho sokukhokha noma yiziphi izindleko ezihlobene nokuthutha izimpahla zisuka lapho zisuka khona ukuya endaweni ezishiwo kuyo.
Lezi zindleko zihlanganisa noma yiziphi izimali zokuthekelisa ezidingwa iziphathimandla zeCustoms ezweni lendabuko. Kodwa kuthiwani uma indawo eshiwo lapho uya khona ihlukile endaweni yokugcina? Uma kunjalo, umthengi kufanele akhokhele noma yiziphi izindleko zokuthutha ezengeziwe.
Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele isitatimende esishiwo ngenhla, ake sicabange ukuthi i-ABC Inc., ezinze eNew York, ithumela izimpahla ku-XYZ Ltd., inkampani yaseJapane ezinze e-Hiroshima.
Ake sithi i-CPT incoterm icacisa “I-Hiroshima Port, Mihara” njengendawo eshiwo lapho uya khona. Uma kunjalo, umdayisi uzobhekana nezindleko zokuthutha kuze kube yilapho izimpahla zifika echwebeni.
Umdayisi angakhetha noma iyiphi indlela yokuthutha engabizi kakhulu, njengolwandle noma umthwalo wezindiza. Ngokwesibonelo, umthengisi angase akhethe inkampani ethwala ulwandle ukuze ithuthe izimpahla ngokuqondile ukusuka echwebeni laseNew York ukuya e-Hiroshima.
Lapho ufika ethekwini lase-Hiroshima, umthwalo wezokuthutha uzoshintshela ku-XYZ Ltd. Kuyisibopho somthengi ukuhlela ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla zisuka ethekwini ziye endaweni yazo yokugcina.
Ingozi idluliselwa nini kumthengi?
Ake sibheke isibonelo sethu sangaphambilini ukuze siqonde kangcono izingozi ezingaba khona ezihilelekile. Lapho izimpahla sezinikezwe umdayisi kumthwali wolwandle ethekwini laseNew York—owaziwa nangokuthi umthwali wokuqala—umdayisi wayengasenamthwalo wemfanelo wokuthwala ingozi (yokulahlekelwa, njll.).
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ukuya phambili, umthengi ongenisa impahla ngaphandle noma umthengi unesibopho sokuziphendulela ngempahla kulo lonke uhambo olusele oluya endaweni yokugcina. Kungakho kubalulekile ukuthi abathumeli nabangenisa impahla bavumelane ngokuthi yiziphi izithwali ezizosetshenziswa emlenzeni ngamunye wokuthumela, kanye nokuthi hlobo luni lwezokuthutha (impahla yendiza, impahla yasolwandle, njll.) kufanele kusetshenziswe.
Ubani okhokhela umshwalense wokuthumela?
Umthengisi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela kuphela ukuthuthwa kwempahla kuze kube yilapho ukulethwa, hhayi umshwalense wezimpahla ngokwazo ngesikhathi sokuthutha ukuya endaweni yazo yokugcina.
Ngamanye amazwi, uma izimpahla zifika kumthwali wokuqala—kungaba inkampani yamaloli noma inkampani ethwala ulwandle—umthengi uthatha yonke ingozi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke. Isibopho somthengisi siphelela lapho.
Ongenisa impahla ngaphandle uthatha ubungozi kusukela kulelo phuzu kuye phambili; ngakho-ke kuyoba ukuhlakanipha ukuhlela umshwalense uma befisa ukuzivikela ekulahlekelweni ngenxa yomonakalo noma ukwebiwa ngesikhathi sokuthutha.
Linqunywa kanjani iphuzu lokulethwa?
Uma kuziwa ku-incoterm ye-CPT, iphuzu lokulethwa livame ukunqunywa isivumelwano phakathi komthengi ongenayo kanye nomthengisi. Kodwa-ke, ekugcineni kukumdayisi ukukhetha indlela yokuthutha ayikhethayo.
Ngokuvamile, i-CPT isho ukuthi umdayisi unomthwalo wemfanelo wezindleko zenqola kuze kube yilapho impahla ifika endaweni yazo ebizwa ngayo; ngaleso sikhathi umthwalo wemfanelo wokuthutha okwengeziwe udlulela kumthengi kuze kube yilapho izimpahla zifika endaweni yazo yokugcina.
Izinzuzo Zenqola Ekhokhelwe Ku-incoterm
Uma imodeli yebhizinisi yenkampani ibandakanya ukungenisa nokuthumela izimpahla, incike ekutholeni lezo zimpahla endaweni efanele ngesikhathi esifanele.
Kodwa kuthiwani uma kukhona okungahambi kahle? Uma ukuthunyelwa kubambezeleka ngenxa yezimo zokuthumela, isimo sezulu, noma ezinye izici ezingaphandle kokulawula kwazo, izobiza malini inkampani? Kuthiwani uma kufanele bakhokhe imali yesikhathi esengeziwe noma baqashe abasebenzi abengeziwe ukuze basingathe umsebenzi owengeziwe? Lezi yizo zonke izinto ezingagwenywa ngokuhlela kahle nokuqonda kwe-incoterms yokuthutha.
I-Carriage Paid To (CPT) i-incoterm iwukukhetha okusebenzayo kwazo zombili izinhlangothi ekuhwebeni komhlaba wonke—Kunenzuzo kubathengi ngoba ibavumela ukuba banciphise izindleko zabo zokuhamba, futhi kuwuhlelo olulawulekayo kubathengisi ngoba bangakwazi ukusetha imigomo yokulethwa.
Ake sibheke ezinye zezinzuzo zale-incoterm nokuthi inikeza kanjani indlela kubo bobabili abangenisa ngaphandle nabathumela ngaphandle ukuze bathole okuningi ekuthunyelweni kwabo.
Izindleko zokuthutha ezehlisiwe kumthengi
Nge-incoterm ethi "Inqola Ekhokhelwayo", abathengisi bakhokhela izindleko zokuhamba ukusuka endaweni yoqobo ukuya endaweni yokulethwa.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi esikhundleni sokukhokhela izinkokhelo eziningi zokuthumela nezokuphatha, abangenisi bazokhokha imali eyodwa kuphela ehlanganisa ukuthuthwa kwempahla yabo ukusuka endaweni eshiwo ukulethwa kuya endaweni yokugcina.
Awasekho amaphepha omthengi
Nakuba umsebenzi omningi ungena ekuthuthweni kwempahla, kunento eyodwa engashintshi: amaphepha. Kungaba yikhanda elibuhlungu kakhulu ukuthola wonke amaphepha adingwa abathengi ukuze bangenise izimpahla phesheya kwezilwandle.
Umthengisi uzophatha zonke izici ezingokomthetho zokuthekelisa izimpahla ezivela ezweni lendabuko, kuhlanganisa imisebenzi yangokwezifiso kanye nezimali zokuthekelisa. Ngaleyo ndlela, umthengi ngeke kudingeke akhathazeke ngokubhajwa emaphepheni angadingekile—angagxila kulokho okubaluleke kakhulu: ukuqhuba ibhizinisi lakhe.
Imali engenayo eyengeziwe yomthengisi
Nakuba i-CPT ingase ibe intengo encane kubathengisi, zikhona futhi izinzuzo kubo. Ngenxa yokuthi umthengisi unesibopho sazo zonke izimali zokuthumela kuze kube yilapho okuthengiswayo kufinyelele endaweni eshiwo lapho kuyiwa khona, lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zempahla kubathengi, kubenze babe maningi amathuba okuthola imikhiqizo njengoba bazi ukuthi ngeke babambe iqhaza kunoma yiziphi izindleko ezengeziwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathengisi bangakhetha ukuthi bayakwamukela noma cha okunikezwayo ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezihlukahlukene: intengo, inani, isikhathi sokulethwa, ukucaciswa komkhiqizo, kanye nezidingo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi. Ngamanye amazwi, abathumeli bangakwazi ukulinganisa ngokunembile izingozi zabo zokuthutha futhi baqinisekise ukuthi lezi zingozi zincishiswa ngentengo abayikhokhisayo ngempahla yabo.
Okungalungile Kwenqola Ekhokhelwe Ku-incoterm
Njengazo zonke izinto ezinhle, kuhlale kunezinhlangothi ezimbili kuhlamvu lwemali ngalunye. Futhi nakuba i-incoterm ye-Carriage Paid To (CPT) ingaba yindlela enhle yokuphatha nokudlulisa ubungozi obuhambisana nempahla yokuthunyelwa emingceleni yamazwe ngamazwe, futhi inezihibe ezimbalwa abathengi nabathengisi okufanele bazi ngazo.
Ukwenyuka kwezindleko zokulethwa komthengisi
Uma izimpahla zithunyelwa ngaphansi kwe-CPT, umthengisi unesibopho sokuzihambisa zisuka endaweni yazo aziyise endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi ziya khona—futhi lokho kusho ukukhokha noma yiziphi izimali zokuthutha ezidingekayo.
Umthengisi kuyodingeka futhi akhokhe noma yiziphi izindleko ezengeziwe ezihlobene nokugunyazwa kwentela noma ezinye izinqubo zokulawula ezweni azalelwa kulo. Lapho uhweba kwamanye amazwe, lezi zindleko zingakhula ngokushesha!
Umthengi obhekele umshwalense wenqola
Nakuba umthengisi ebophezelekile ezimpahleni zize zifike endaweni eshiwo lapho ziya khona, lokhu akusho ukuthi umthengi usephutheni!
Umthengi usabophezelekile ngezimpahla ohambweni lwazo oluya endaweni yokugcina. Izinto ziba yingozi nakakhulu uma usebenzisa ezokuthutha ze-multimodal, lapho kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukene zokuhamba ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ohambweni lwezokuthutha.
Isibonelo, ake sithi umthengisi uthumela imikhiqizo ngezinkonzo zokuthutha olwandle ukuze ifike endaweni eshiwo lapho iya khona, bese izimpahla zihanjiswa impahla yendiza umthwali ngaphambi kokufika endaweni yabo yokugcina. Ngaphansi kwe-incoterm ye-CPT, umsebenzi wokunakekela womthengi uqala lapho inkampani yenethiwekhi yokuqala ithatha izimpahla. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuye phambili, kukumthengi ukuthi aqinisekise impahla yakhe.
Umthengi onesibopho sokugunyazwa kwezokuthutha
Uma kuziwa ku-CPT, umthengi unesibopho sokukhokha zonke izindleko ezihlobene nokuvunyelwa kokuhamba kwezimpahla ezweni lakhe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abangenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe kuzodingeka bahlele imvume yokungena ezweni, kanye nanoma yimiphi imithetho edingekayo ngaphambi kokuba izimpahla zifike lapho ziya khona.
Isibonelo, uma umkhiqizi wezimoto engenisa i-iron ore zisuka e-China ngendiza eziya e-United States, zizoba nesibopho sokuhlela imvume yokungenisa impahla kanye nanoma imaphi amaphepha adingekayo njengamalayisense okungenisa noma izitifiketi. Kufanele futhi bakhokhe noma yiziphi izintela ezikhethekile (isib. Izintela zaseChina) ezimpahleni ezingenisiwe uma zingaphansi kwezinyathelo zentela eziphoqelelwa yi-US Amasiko kanye nokuvikelwa komngcele.
Amanye ama-incoterms okudingeka ukwazi ngawo
Manje njengoba amabhizinisi esezazi izinzuzo nezingozi ze-CPT incoterm, angakwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nezidingo zawo zokuthutha, futhi azi kahle ukuthi hlobo luni lwezindleko azongena kuzo ngaphambi kokuthi aqale ngisho nenqubo yawo yezokuthutha. Kunamanye ama-incoterms ayishumi abangenisa impahla ngaphandle okufanele bazi ngawo, futhi wonke achazwe kuwo lo mhlahlandlela.
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