Nakuba kungase kube inselele ukuqonda ijagoni ethile ye-logistic njenge demurrage amacala, kubalulekile ukuthi abathumbi bayiqonde kahle le migomo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngokusekelwe ku- umbiko wamuva emacaleni alokhu anda ngokudelela kanye nokuvalelwa kwabantu ngo-2021 uma kuqhathaniswa nowezi-2020, akhuphuke kakhulu ngokugxuma okukhulu okungu-126% ezikhumulweni zamachweba zaseShayina eziyi-10 eziphezulu. Ngenkathi amachweba amaningi abona ukwehla kwalezi zindleko ngo-2022, zisazobuyela ezingeni langaphambi kobhubhane (empeleni amanani kwezinye izikhumulo aqhubekile nokukhuphuka).
Ukuhlaziya okuningists kubalula ukwehluleka kwezimfuno, imikhawulo yesikhathi samahhala eqinile, kanye nokuminyana okulethwe ukuphazamiseka kwangaphambili embonini yezempilo njengezimbangela eziphambili zalokhu kwanda okukhulu. Lapha, ake sifunde kabanzi mayelana nezinkokhelo ze-demurrage ngokumelene nesizinda sezindleko ezikhulayo ezihlanganisa izindlela zokuzivimbela namathiphu ekuxoxisaneni.
Okuqukethwe
Iyini i-demurrage?
Izimbangela ezijwayelekile zokukhokhiswa kwe-demurrage
Ikhokhiswa kanjani i-demurrage?
Ubani okufanele athwale izindleko?
Indlela yokugwema ukukhokhiswa kwe-demurrage namathiphu okuxoxisana ngawo
Isiphetho
Kuyini demurrage?
Eyaziwa nangokuthi “i-laytime”, i-demurrage isho izindleko ezikhokhiswayo lapho isiqukathi sigcinwa ngaphakathi kwetheminali ngesikhathi saso “mahhala” esabelwe. Izinsuku zamahhala ezivumelekile eziqukathi ezikumatheminali ngokuvamile zisukela emahoreni angama-48 noma izinsuku ezi-2 kuye kweziyi-7. Kodwa-ke, njengoba izinqubomgomo "zezinsuku zamahhala" zingahluka kuye ngezikhumulo nezinkampani zokuthumela, kubalulekile ukuthi abathumeli baqinisekise isikhathi samahhala esivunyelwe kwiziqukathi zabo.
Ukwenyuka kwakamuva kwezindleko zokudiliza ezikhumulweni zemikhumbi eziphezulu emhlabeni wonke kushaqise abasebenzisi bezimpahla emhlabeni jikelele. Sekukonke, kunokukhathazeka okukhulayo mayelana namazinga e-demurrage akhuphukayo okuthi ngezinye izikhathi abe ngaphezu kwenani eliphelele leziqukathi, njengoba izindleko zokukhipha imali zinqwabelana ngemva kwesikhathi sokuqala. Inkokhiso yedemurrage empeleni ibhekwa “njengenkokhiso sekwephuzile” noma inhlawulo engavela ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene ezishiwo ngezansi.
Izimbangela ezivamile ze- demurrage amacala
Ukuthunyelwa ukuphikisana
Ingxabano ngenxa yokungaboni ngaso linye phakathi komthumeli nomthumeli ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene, ngokuyinhloko izindaba zokukhokha, ngokuvamile ingaholela ekukhishweni sekwephuzile kweziqukathi, okuholela enkokhisweni eyengeziwe yokwehliswa kwempahla. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinhlangothi ezithintekayo zisulile izibopho zokukhokha ezidingekayo kuhlanganisa nokukhokhela abathwali ukuze kugwenywe izimali zokuhoxiswa ngenxa yezingxabano.
Umnyango wezimpahla ukuhlolwa
Ngokuya ngezinqubo ezahlukene zamasiko kanye nemithetho yendawo, inqubo yokuhlolwa kwezimpahla ezingenayo ingase ibe yinde kakhulu futhi ezinye izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zamasiko kungase kudingeke zilandelwe. Uma ukubambezeleka okunjalo kwenzeka, ukubambezeleka okubangelwa ukugunyazwa kwentela ngokungenakugwenywa kuzoholela ezindlekweni zokukhokha imali ekugcineni.
Izinkinga zamadokhumenti
Izinkinga zamadokhumenti nazo ziphakathi kwezimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokukhokhiswa kwe-demurrage. Ukubambezeleka ekushintshaneni kwemibhalo okudingekayo phakathi kwabangenisa impahla ngaphandle nabathumela ngaphandle kuzodala ukuhanjiswa kwamadokhumenti sekwephuzile. Ukungapheleli noma ukulahleka kwamadokhumenti kuthatha isikhathi ukuchibiyela noma ukulungisa amadokhumenti alahlekile okuholela ekubambezelekeni okwengeziwe futhi okubangela ukuba kube nezindleko zokulibaziseka ezingafuneki ezifana nezindleko zokukhokha imali ngaphezu kwezindleko ezingaba khona zokuchitshiyelwa kwamadokhumenti.
Izinto ezingaphezu kwamandla
Uma kubhekwa ubunjalo bemboni yezimpahla ezithwala impahla evame ukuncika esimweni sezulu kanye nokusebenza kwabantu, inqubo yokulethwa kwempahla ingaba ngaphansi kwezinto eziningi ezingaphezu kwamandla abathumbi. Ezinye zalezi zinkinga zihlanganisa isimo sezulu esingesihle, iziteleka zezisebenzi, ukuminyana kwamachweba, amatheminali aphithizelayo nezokuthutha, noma njengoba sonke sibonile eminyakeni yamuva nje, okunye ukuphazamiseka okuhlobene nobhubhane. Konke lokhu kungaholela ekubambezelekeni kokunyakaza kweziqukathi kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha, ngaleyo ndlela kwenze kube nzima ukugwema ukukhokhiswa kwe-demurrage.
Ngokombono wezomthetho, nokho, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi incazelo yezehlakalo ze-“force majeure” (ukwenzeka kwezimo ezingaphezu kokulawula ezingase zikhulule oyedwa noma zombili izinhlangothi ekwenzeni inkontileka ngandlela thize) ihlobene kakhulu nemibandela yenkontileka phakathi kwezinhlangothi zombili ezinenkontileka, kungaba ngaphansi kwemithetho yase-US noma Imithetho yesiNgisi, Ngokwesibonelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuze izinhlangothi zenkontileka zisebenzise izizathu eziyinhloko zokuvikela izintshisekelo zazo zombili izinhlangothi, kufanele ziqale ziqinisekise ukuthi izigaba ezifanele zifakiwe kunkontileka yazo kwasekuqaleni.
Abanye
Khonamanjalo, kuphinde kube nezinkinga zokungaxhumani kahle ezingavamile njengalapho othunyelelwayo engathinteki noma abathumeli bengazi ngokutholakala kwempahla etheminali. Lezi zinkinga ezibonakala zizincane ngeshwa zisengadala ukubambezeleka futhi ekugcineni ziholele ekukhokhisweni kwezindleko.
Kukanjani demurrage icala?
Izimali ezikhokhiswayo zibalulekile ngesikhathi ngokwemvelo, ngakho-ke zivame ukukhokhiswa ngokusekelwe enanini lezinsuku kanye nenani leziqukathi. Izimali ezikhokhwayo ziyasebenza kukho kokubili ukungenisa nokuthekelisa ngaphandle. Izindleko ezithile ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezinkampani zenethiwekhi, amatheminali, nezimbobo. Nakuba izindleko zokususwa kwe-demurrage ngokuvamile zikhuphuka ngokunqwabelanayo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lapho uthumela iziqukathi eziqandisiwe, amanani okukhipha imali angase abe ngaphansi kwezinkokhelo ezengeziwe.
Izindleko zokukhipha imali zivame ukukhokhiswa ukulayisha okugcwele kwesiqukathi (I-FCL). Noma kunjalo, umthwalo omncane kune-container (I-LCL) kusengaba ngaphansi kwezindleko zokwehlisa imali. I-LCL, engewona umthwalo ogcwele, ivamise ukuhlanganiswa ibe yisitsha esisodwa kanye nokunye ukuthunyelwa kwe-LCL endaweni. CFS (isiteshi sezimpahla esithwala impahla), futhi ukuhlanganisa kwenziwa kuphela endaweni oya kuyo. Izindleko zokukhipha imali ze-LCL ngenxa yalokho ziya ngokuthi izimpahla zithatha indawo engakanani kwa-CFS phakathi nenqubo yokuhlanganisa.
Ubani okufanele athwale izindleko?
Ngisho noma isibopho sokukhokha izindleko zokukhokha ezitholiwe ngokuvamile sisemathuneni (abangenisa kwamanye amazwe), kunezimo ezithile lapho abathumeli (abathekelisi) benesibopho sokukhokha izinkokhelo. Inkokhelo ephelele iyadingeka ngaphambi kokuba izimpahla zikhishwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izindleko zizokhokhwa abathumeli noma abathumeli.
I-demurrage iyasebenza kukho kokubili ukungenisa kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe njengoba kuwumzamo wokukhulula amachweba ukuze uthole indawo eyengeziwe ngokugqugquzela abangenisa imikhiqizo ukuthi badlulise imikhiqizo futhi bayilande echwebeni ngokushesha okukhulu, kuyilapho ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvinjelwa abathumeli bangaphandle ukuthi balethe izimpahla ethekwini kusenesikhathi.
Izibopho zokukhokha kwe-demurrage ziyahlukahluka phakathi nenqubo yokungenisa nokuthekelisa:
Ngenisa
Uma isiqukathi singaqoqiwe kumatheminali ekupheleni kwesikhathi saso samahhala ngesikhathi sesigaba sokungenisa, umthengi ovela kwamanye amazwe kufanele athwale izindleko zokukhipha impahla ngaphandle ngoba umthengi ovela kwamanye amazwe unomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhipha impahla. Lokhu kukhokhiswa abathenga kwamanye amazwe noma ngabe ukubambezeleka kungenxa yokwehluleka ukubuyisa izitsha noma ukubambezeleka ekubuyiseni izimpahla.
Thumela
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuthekelisa, imali yokuthekelisa iyakhokhiswa uma iziqukathi ezilayishiwe zingakwazi ukuthunyelwa phakathi nesikhathi samahhala esabelwe. Abathumeli bamazwe angaphandle badinga ukuthwala izindleko zokwehliswa kwempahla ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuthumela impahla ngesikhathi.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani demurrage amacala namathiphu okuxoxisana ngawo
Ukuqonda zonke izinkontileka ezihilelekile
Buyekeza ngokucophelela zonke izinkontileka ezihilelekile, lokhu kuhlanganisa kokubili inkontileka yokuthumela nabathwali kanye nezinkontileka nomuntu othunyiwe. Qaphela noma yiziphi izimvume ezithile noma izidingo ezikhethekile ezidingekayo imvume yokuba okuthile kwenzeke, ngokwesibonelo, ukuze ukwazi ukuhlala uzilungiselele kusengaphambili.
Umnyango wezimpahla imvume yangaphambili
Zilungiselele ngamadokhumenti adingekayo naphelele ukuze uvikele imvume yangaphambilini yangokwezifiso noma nini lapho kuvunyelwa. Amadokhumenti afanele ayasiza ngempela ekwandiseni nasekulungiseni yonke inqubo yokukhipha intela ngisho noma imvume yangaphambili ingenzeki.
Faka idijithali ukukhishwa
Ukuhlela ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kukhishwe nge-telex kunokuncika ekukhishweni nge- i-bill of lading yokuqala (BL) kuphela. Lolu hlelo lungaba usizo ekusheshiseni yonke inqubo yokukhishwa kwempahla, ngaleyo ndlela kwehlise ithuba lokuhlawuliswa kwe-demurrage.
Ukukhishwa kwe-Telex kubhekisela kwinqubo lapho umnikazi wempahla enikeze imvume nge-elekthronikhi kumthwali, ukuze bakwazi ukukhulula umthwalo eqenjini elithile ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthi kwethulwe i-BL yoqobo.
Kodwa-ke, noma kunohlelo lokusebenzisa idijithali, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukwabelana ngamadokhumenti ngempahla nemibhalo ethunyelwayo nazo zonke izinhlangothi ezithintekayo kusabalulekile enqubweni yokuthutha engenazihibe.
Abanye
Iningi lezinsiza zezimpahla ezitholakalayo emakethe zisebenzisa ama-COC - iziqukathi eziphethwe umthumeli kuneziqukathi eziphethwe ngumthumeli (ama-SOC) njengoba abathwali ngokuvamile kungabanikazi bamakhonteyina. Nakuba ama-COC eqondile futhi elula, izinkokhelo ezengeziwe ezifana nezindleko zokukhipha imali kanye nezokuboshwa zingagwemeka njengoba abathwali abanobunikazi obugcwele beziqukathi.
Ama-SOC, ngakolunye uhlangothi, angabiza kancane kancane ekuqaleni njengoba abathumeli kudingeka bathole ezabo iziqukathi kuqala. Kodwa-ke, zinikeza ukuguquguquka okwengeziwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba abathumeli bethola ukulawula okugcwele ngosuku lokugunyazwa kwempahla, ngenxa yalokho, bakwazi ukugwema ukukhokhiswa kwe-demurrage ngokuphelele. Futhi-ke, umuntu angaphinde acabangele ukubandakanya i-courier yomhlaba eyisipele ukuze ivumele ukuhamba ngokushesha kwempahla neziqukathi lapho izidingo ziphakama.
Lungela ukuxoxisana
Hlala ulungele ukuxoxisana esikhundleni sokumane wamukele inani lezinsuku zamahhala ezinikezwayo. Awukho umhlahlandlela oqondile wokuthi zingaki izinsuku zamahhala okufanele zicelwe njengoba izidingo zifinyelela esilinganisweni sesikhathi sokukhishwa kwempahla kanye nokulungiswa kwemibhalo edingekayo. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi abathumeli benze ucwaningo oludingekayo ngesikhathi esingaba khona esidingekayo kuyo yonke inqubo yokuthumela ngemikhumbi (kuhlanganise nemvume yezimpahla) futhi bazi ngokugcwele ngayo yonke imibhalo edingekayo.
Isiphetho
Ngenxa yokwehla kwezimfuno, izikhathi zamahhala ezimfushane ezivunyelwe kanye nokuminyana okudalwe ukuphazamiseka kwemboni yezokuthutha emhlabeni wonke eminyakeni embalwa edlule, amanani omhlaba wonke anyuke kakhulu ngo-2021 uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule. Ukuze kugwenywe noma kuncishiswe izinkokhiso ze-demurrage ngangokunokwenzeka, abathekelisi nabangenisa impahla ngaphandle kufanele baqonde izizathu ezivamile eziholela ekukhokhisweni kwe-demurrage, ukuthi zikhokhiswa kanjani, nokuthi ubani okufanele akhokhe izindleko zokukhipha imali. Abafundi bangase basebenzise amathiphu ashiwo ngenhla ukuze baxoxisane ngezindleko ze-demurrage noma kuphi lapho kungenzeka khona ukuze kwehliswe izindleko njengoba izinkokhelo ze-demurrage zithatha isikhathi futhi zingase zeqe inani lempahla ngezinye izikhathi. Imibono ethe xaxa yokuthola ama-wholesale neziphakamiso kuyatholakala kokuthi U-Cooig Uyafunda, vakashela isayithi manje ukuze uthole okwengeziwe!
Ingabe ufuna isixazululo sezinhlelo zokusebenza esinamanani ancintisanayo, ukubonakala okugcwele, nokusekelwa kwamakhasimende okufinyeleleka kalula? Hlola I-Cooig.com Logistics Marketplace namuhla.
