Njengoba isidingo sokusebenza kahle, i-compact electronics sikhula, ukushintsha kwamandla kagesi kuthuthuka ngokushesha. Le ndatshana icubungula intuthuko ebalulekile, izinhlelo zokusebenza, nomthelela wemakethe walobu buchwepheshe, kanye namathiphu abalulekile wokukhetha ukunikezwa kwamandla okulungile ngokusekelwe kumapharamitha abalulekile afana nokusebenza kahle kanye nogesi ophumayo.
Okuqukethwe
Isingeniso ekushintsheni amandla kagesi
Ubukhulu bemakethe namaphuzu okukhula
Izigaba ezijwayelekile kanye nemingcele okufanele kuqashelwe
Intuthuko yakamuva
Isiphetho
Isingeniso ekushintsheni amandla kagesi
Ngaphambi kokufika kweselula, uguquko olusuka kugesi olayini ukuya ekushintsheni ukunikezwa kwamandla lwenzeka ekuthuthukisweni kwekhompyutha yomuntu siqu. Abantu abaningi bayayiqonda ikhompyutha (i-PC) ngokwayo futhi bayayazi imodeli yayo yokucubungula nosayizi wenkumbulo. Kodwa abanye bangase bangazi lutho mayelana nogesi wayo. I-PCS yakudala yayisebenzisa amandla alayini.
Emashumini ambalwa nje eminyaka, ukushintshwa kobuchwepheshe bokunikezwa kwamandla kuye kwavulwa ekhanda, futhi inqubekelaphambili enkulu yamadivayisi we-semiconductor ingemuva kwayo. Ubuchwepheshe bamandla besimanje buthuthuka ngendlela elandelayo:
- Ukuhlaza okotshani
- I-Miniaturization
- Ukwenza modularization
- Intelligence
- I-modularization kanye nobuhlakani
- I-Digitalization kanye nokuhlukahluka
Ngezici zokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, ukungcola okuphansi, okwamanje okuphansi, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, nokuhlanganiswa okuphezulu kancane kancane kuba okujwayelekile, ubuchwepheshe bamandla bubuye buncike ekuthuthukisweni kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi namasekethe ahlanganisiwe. Ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintshwa okusha kuhlanganisa ishubhu lokushintsha amandla kanye namamojula ahlukahlukene okuvikela okukhiphayo ukuze kuncishiswe ivolumu ngokuqhubekayo.
Ubukhulu bemakethe namaphuzu okukhula
Ngokuvumelana ne Izibalo zenhlolovo ye-Hengzhou Chengshi, usayizi wemakethe yokuphakelwa kwamandla okushintsha umhlaba wonke ngo-2022 cishe u-USD 29.56 billion. Ikusasa kulindeleke ukuthi ligcine umkhuba wokukhula ozinzile, futhi usayizi wemakethe uzosondela ku-USD 46.72 billion ngo-2032, ngenani lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka (CAGR) lika-4.7% ngesikhathi sokubikezela.
Abakhiqizi abakhulu bokushintshwa kwamandla omhlaba yi-DELTA, i-Lite-On Technology, i-Salcomp, i-Cosel, njll. Abakhiqizi abathathu abahamba phambili emhlabeni bathatha cishe u-20% wesabelo semakethe. Imakethe yokuphakelwa kukagesi eshintshashintshayo emhlabeni wonke ikhombise ukukhula okuqhubekayo eminyakeni yamuva nje.
Lokhu kukhula kubangelwe kakhulu isidingo sokwenziwa kwezinto ezincane, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nobuhlakani bezinto zikagesi kanye nokuthuthuka ngokushesha kwezindawo ezisafufusa njengamasistimu avuselelwe amandla kanye nezimoto zikagesi.
Imakethe yokushintshanisa amandla kulindeleke ukuthi iqhubeke nokukhula eminyakeni embalwa ezayo ngokuthandwa kobuchwepheshe obufana ne-inthanethi Yezinto, ukuxhumana kwe-5G, kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa.
Izigaba ezijwayelekile kanye nemingcele okufanele kuqashelwe
Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintshayo, udinga ukuqala ngokuhlola imingcele yayo kagesi, imikhawulo yohlelo lokusebenza, nezinkomba ezihlobene ukuze uhlaziye futhi uqonde isithombe sayo esigcwele. Le ndlela inikeza ukwesekwa okunembile nochwepheshe ekusebenziseni kwethu noma izidingo zokuthenga. Nasi isibonelo sokusisiza siqonde kangcono:
Imingcele kagesi yokushintshwa kwamandla kagesi
Input voltage range
Amanani amancane futhi aphezulu we-voltage yokufaka amukelwa ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintshwa. Lobu bubanzi ngokuvamile buncike ekwakhiweni kokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nendawo yohlelo lokusebenza. Ku-AC, i-voltage yokufaka isukela ku-85-264V.
Okukhipha voltage
I-voltage inikezwa ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintshela kumthwalo. Qondanisa izidingo zomthwalo (12v).
Okukhipha zamanje
Inani lamanje elihlinzekwe ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintshela ekulayisheni ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile. (20A).
Ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa
Ukusebenza kahle lapho ugesi oshintshwayo ushintsha khona amandla asuka kokufakiwe abe amandla asuka kokuphumayo kwamandla. Ukuphakama kokuguqulwa okusebenzayo, ukulahleka kwamandla kuncane kanye nokwehla kokukhishwa kokushisa kokunikezwa kwamandla (> 85%).
imvamisa
Izinga lapho ugesi oshintshayo uguqula khona i-voltage yokufaka ibe i-voltage ephumayo, ngokuvamile nge-kilohertz (kHz). Lapho imvamisa iphezulu, iba kuncane ukulahleka kokushintsha, kodwa ubunzima bokuklama kanye nezindleko zokushintshwa kwamandla nakho kuzokhuphuka (60K – 90KHZ).
Ama-Ripples nomsindo
Ukushintshashintsha okuncane okungafuneki (ama-ripples) nomsindo we-high-frequency ku-voltage okukhiphayo. Kubaluleke kakhulu kumishini ye-elekthronikhi enembayo ngoba ingaphazamisa ukusebenza kwemishini (<80MV).
Indlela Yokupholisa: Ukupholisa umoya
Umsebenzi wokuvikela
Kuhlanganisa ukuvikela okungaphezu kwamanje (OCP), ukuvikelwa kwe-over-voltage (OVP), ukuvikelwa kwe-over-temperature (OTP), nokuvikelwa kwesekethe emfushane (SCP) ukuze kuvikelwe amandla kanye nezisetshenziswa zokulayisha ekulimaleni.
Ishintsha imingcele yomkhawulo wohlelo lokusebenza oluhlobene nokunikezwa kwamandla
Ukulayisha umthamo
Amandla aphezulu noma imanje womthwalo ongasekelwa ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintshayo. Ukweqa lo mkhawulo kungase kubangele ukushisa ngokweqile noma ukulimala kokuphakelwa kukagesi.
Izitifiketi zokuphepha
Ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintshwa kufanele kuhambisane namazinga okuphepha nezitifiketi, ezifana ne-UL, CE, RoHS, njll. Lezi zitifiketi ziqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kokunikezwa kwamandla.
Ngakho-ke amapharamitha amaningi akha inombolo enkulu yokushintsha izinhlobo zokuphakelwa kwamandla, okuhlanganisa:
Ukuhlukaniswa ngesimiso sokusebenza
Ukushintshwa kobubanzi be-Pulse (PWM) ukushintsha amandla kagesi: I-voltage ephumayo ilawulwa ngokulungisa isikhathi (ububanzi be-pulse) besici sokushintsha.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintshwa kwe-Pulse frequency modulation (PFM): I-voltage ephumayo ilawulwa ngokulungisa imvamisa yesici sokushintsha.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintshwa kweHybrid: Ihlanganisa izici zakho zombili ubuchwepheshe be-PWM ne-PFM.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintshwa kwe-resonant: Ukusetshenziswa kwamasekhethi anomsindo ukuze kuzuzwe isenzo sokushintsha, ngokuvamile ukushintsha izingxenye zisebenza ngaphansi kwe-voltage engu-zero noma izimo zamanje eziqanda.
Ukuhlukaniswa nge-topology
Dlulisela phambili: I-voltage yokufaka iguqulelwa ngokuqondile ku-voltage ephumayo, evame ukusetshenziselwa ukuguqulwa kwe-Buck.
Isiguquli sokuhlehlisa: I-voltage yokufaka iphansi kune-voltage ephumayo futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuguqulwa kwe-Boost.
Isiguquli se-Push-Pull: Isebenzisa izinto ezimbili ezishintshayo ukuze isebenze ngokushintshana, ikhulisa ukusebenza kahle namandla okukhiphayo.
Isiguquli se-Full-Bridge: Isebenzisa izinto ezine zokushintsha ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zamandla aphezulu.
Isiguquli se-Half-Bridge: Isebenzisa izinto ezimbili ezishintshayo ezinhlelweni zamandla amaphakathi.
Isiguquli seshubhu eyodwa: Isebenzisa i-elementi yokushintsha eyodwa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamandla amancane.
Ukuhlukaniswa ngenkambu yohlelo lokusebenza
Ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintsha izimboni: Ifanele i-automation yezimboni, imishini yokuxhumana, njll., edinga ukwethembeka okuphezulu nokuzinza.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintsha ibanga lezentengiso: Ifanele izakhiwo zezentengiselwano, okokusebenza kwasehhovisi, njll., okudinga ukusebenza okungcono nokusebenziseka kalula.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintsha umthengi: Ifanele izinto zasendlini, amakhompyutha omuntu siqu, njll., edinga usayizi omncane kanye nezindleko eziphansi.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintsha izinga lezokwelapha: Ifanele imishini yezokwelapha, edinga ukuhambisana okuqinile kwe-electromagnetic kanye namazinga okuphepha.
Ezinye izigaba zokuphakelwa kukagesi
Ukunikezwa kwamandla okuxhumana: Ukunikezwa kwamandla kohlobo lwesiguquli se-DC/DC asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla okukhethekile: Ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu kanye namanje aphansi, ugesi wamanje ophezulu, ugesi ongu-400Hz okokufaka we-AC/DC, njll.
Intuthuko yakamuva
Amafrikhwensi okushintsha manje asefinyelele izinga le-MHz. Selokhu kweqa umgoqo wama-20 kHz ngeminyaka yawo-1970, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iqhubekisele phambili amaza okushintsha ebangeni lama-500 kHz kuya ku-1 MHz. Ubuchwepheshe bokushintshwa okuthambile, obunciphisa ngokwethulwa ukulahlekelwa ukushintshela kuqanda, bubone ukuthuthukiswa okubalulekile nokusebenza.
Imiklamo yesekethe engukhiye ihlanganisa amasekhethi e-quasi-resonant, amasekhethi e-PWM ashintshayo aziro, kanye namasekhethi e-PWM aguqula i-zero. Ubuchwepheshe obuphawulekayo osebukhulile buhlanganisa i-ZVS ye-clamp esebenzayo kanye nokushintshwa okuthambile kwe-ZVS kwesigaba esigcwele sebhuloho, kokubili okungafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okungaphezu kuka-90%.
Ukuvela kobuchwepheshe bokushintsha akusibekele ukushintsha okunzima. Kunalokho, ukuhlanganisa laba ababili kuphefumulele impilo entsha ensimini. Ubuchwepheshe be-Zero Current Transition (ZCT) kanye ne-Zero Voltage Transition (ZVT) buhlanganisa ukulahleka kokushintsha okuphansi, imvamisa ephezulu, kanye nezinzuzo zokonga amandla zokushintshwa okuthambile nokuhlunga kanye nezinzuzo zamanje zokubamba zokushintshwa kanzima.
Ubuchwepheshe bokulungisa obuvumelanayo buphinde bukhuphule ngokuphawulekayo ukushintsha kokusebenza kahle kokunikezwa kwamandla.
Ngokusebenzisa ama-MOSFET amelana kancane (angaphansi kuka-3 mΩ) esikhundleni sama-diode ukuze alungiswe, isilawuli sivumelanisa amasiginali wedrayivu yesango nge-voltage elungisiwe, kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kokulungisa. Le ndlela iphumelela kakhulu kuma-low-voltage, iziguquli zamandla amanje aphezulu.
Ubuchwepheshe bedijithali buthuthukisa ukusebenza komkhiqizo ngokusiza ukusebenzisana komshini womuntu ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana okufana namakhibhodi angaphandle nezibonisi zekristalu eliwuketshezi. Inika amandla ukuxhumana kwedatha namakhompyutha abamba nge-RS485, RS232, CAN ibhasi, nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana, okuvumela i-telemetry nokulawula kude. Izinsiza zamandla edijithali ziphinde zisekele ukulungiswa kwe-inthanethi, ukuzihlola wena ngokwakho, kanye nokuthuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa izixhumi zabo zenethiwekhi, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukwethembeka nokuphila isikhathi eside.
I-modularization kumasekhethi okuphakelwa kwamandla kanye nezinhlelo kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi ngokuvumela abaklami ukuthi basebenzise amamojula ahlukahlukene asebenzayo ngendlela eguquguqukayo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, kunciphisa izindleko nosayizi, futhi kuthuthukisa ukwethembeka.
Abakhiqizi banemisebenzi yokulawula edidiyelwe efana ne-PFC, i-ZVS, i-ZCS, i-PWM, ukwabelana kwamanje okuhambisanayo, nokulawula okugcwele kwebhuloho lokushintsha kwesigaba kube ama-chips akhethekile. Ngokupakisha amadivaysi okushintsha amandla, ukulawula, ukushayela, ukuvikela, ukutholwa, nezinye izifunda zibe module eyodwa, abantu bangahlanganisa ukulawula, amadivayisi we-semiconductor yamandla, nemisebenzi yokudlulisa ulwazi.
Isiphetho
Ngamafuphi, ukushintsha ugesi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yemishini yesimanje kagesi, eneqhaza nezinzuzo ezibalulekile. Ekuthuthukisweni kwesikhathi esizayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ukushintshanisa ugesi kuzoqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemishini kagesi ngokusebenza okuphezulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukuzinza okuphezulu, nokwethembeka.
