Abacwaningi abaningi bachaze i-Afrika njengezwekazi 'le-leapfrog' ngenxa yamandla ayo okudlula izigaba zokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe ezibiza kakhulu emikhakheni eminingi. Isibonelo, izintambo zocingo ezingaguquki azikaze zidume e-Afrika; esikhundleni salokho, izwekazi lathuthela ngqo kumakhalekhukhwini. Ngokufanayo, i-Afrika yakhe umzila wamandla ohlukile oweqa ingqalasizinda yamandla kagesi ngokwakha uhlelo lwamandla oluvuselelekayo, olungasebenzisi igridi.
Okuqukethwe
Isingeniso embonini yezamandla e-Afrika
Uhlolojikelele lwedatha yemboni yezamandla yase-Afrika
Usayizi wemakethe namandla
Izinto eziqhuba isidingo sokuvuseleleka ngaphandle kwegridi
Amathrendi amakhulu emakethe yamandla ase-Afrika
Khomba amakhasimende
I-takeway yokugcina
Isingeniso embonini yezamandla e-Afrika
Ukubuka konke Idatha yemboni yezamandla yase-Afrika
Izibikezelo ze-International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) zikhomba lokho cishe ingxenye abantu base-Afrika abanawo ugesi. Nokho, izwekazi kulindeleke ukuba libe noguquko olusha lwamandla lapho ukufinyelela kugesi kuzotholakala ikakhulukazi ngamandla avuselelekayo kanye negesi yemvelo.
Ukwehla kwezindleko zobuchwepheshe kanye nezinsizakusebenza ezinkulu zase-Afrika ezivuselelekayo kube yizona ezihamba phambili ekukhuleni kokusatshalaliswa kwezinga lezinsiza kanye nokusabalalisa esifundeni. Amasistimu we-solar photovoltaics (PV). nokunye okuvuselelekayo. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-solar PV kulinganiselwa cishe I-15GW minyaka yonke kodwa kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ifinyelele ku-340GW ngo-2040. Eminye imithombo yamandla ekhula ngokushesha ezwenikazi ihlanganisa umoya, i-geothermal, kanye namandla aphehlwa ngamanzi.
Usayizi wemakethe namandla
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo kuye kwanda kakhulu e-Afrika yonkana njengoba amazwe eqhubeka nokubeka amasu nezinqubomgomo ezicacile zokufeza uguquko lwamandla ahlanzekile emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuthobela izithembiso zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-600 e-Afrika bahlala ngaphandle kwegridi, kanti i-10% yalesi sizwe isebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo angekho kugridi yohlobo oluthile.
I-Afrika inakho izinga lokukhula elisheshayo emandleni avuselelekayo emhlabeni jikelele, okwamanje ahlezi esilinganisweni sama-96% ngonyaka. Izwekazi lithole u-70%, cishe u-US$1.7 billion wokutshalwa kwezimali emhlabeni jikelele emkhakheni ongekho kugridi phakathi kuka-2010 no-2020. Lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali okwandayo kungahlotshaniswa nokwanda kwesidingo semithombo yamandla ehlukile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya lapho ama-mini-grid kanye nezinhlelo ezizimele zodwa zithathwa njengezixazululo ezisebenza kakhulu zokuntuleka kukagesi.
Izinto eziqhuba isidingo sokuvuseleleka ngaphandle kwegridi
Lokhu kuphushela imithombo yamandla engaphandle kwegridi kudalwe izindleko eziphansi zokufakwa, ikakhulukazi amandla elanga, azikho izindleko zanyanga zonke, nokwethembeka. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphezu 350,000 abantu baseMpumalanga Afrika basebenzisa ama-solar panel asekhaya ukukhanyisa amakhaya abo, okwenza amandla elanga abe umthombo wamandla ohlukile owaziwa kakhulu esifundeni.
Amathrendi amakhulu emakethe yamandla ase-Afrika
- Miningi imisebenzi yokuhlola nokukhiqiza uwoyela negesi
Amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi anomthelela Amaphesenti angama-40 awo wonke amandla ase-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara hlanganisa. Izibalo kulindeleke ukuthi zikhule ngenxa yokusheshisa kwemiklamo yokuhlola uwoyela negesi yemvelo kulo lonke izwekazi. Ngokwesibonelo, Amazwe ase-Afrika okuhlanganisa i-Egypt, iNingizimu Afrika, iTanzania, iSenegal, iMozambique, kanye neMauritania, ngokuhlanganyela banikele ngama-40% okutholwa kwegesi emhlabeni wonke phakathi kuka-2011 no-2018. Lokhu okutholakele kuzoqinisekisa ngokuphawulekayo isimo sezwekazi kanye namandla ezwekazi njengesifunda esibucayi esikhiqiza uwoyela.
- Ukusheshisa okungavuselelwa ngamanzi
Amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika anciphisa ukuthembela emithonjeni yamandla amalahle kanye nowoyela futhi ashintshela kwengavuselelwa ngamanzi. Nakuba U-90% we-non-hydro yase-Afrika amandla namanje awakasetshenziswa, imithombo engeyena amanzi avuselelekayo, okuhlanganisa i-biomass, i-geothermal, ilanga, nomoya, iya ngokuya iba imithombo yamandla ehlukile yezwekazi.
Amandla e-biomass
Imithombo yamandla e-biomass ibhekwa njengezinsiza ezisebenzayo zokukhuthaza ukuvikeleka kwamandla nokuhlukahluka. Cishe I-80% yabantu e-Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) ithembele emandleni e-biomass, okuhlanganisa izinkuni, izitshalo, kanye nemfucuza yezilwane. Ngenxa yalokho, i-bioenergy iwumthombo wamandla ovelele kakhulu, obala cishe 48% wesamba sezinsiza ezikhona ezwenikazi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, inani labasebenzisi be-bioenergy kulindeleke ukuthi likhuphuke lifinyelele ezigidini ezingama-720 ngo-2030, okukhombisa imakethe engaba khona yokutshalwa kwezimali kwe-biomass energy.
Amandla wamandla
Amandla okushiswa komhlaba okushisayo e-Afrika atholakala kakhulu eGreat Rift Valley, indawo eyi-6,000km esukela enyakatho yeSyria ukuya enkabeni yeMozambique eNingizimu Mpumalanga Afrika. Ngaphandle kwamandla amakhulu e-geothermal kule ndawo, kuphela u-0.6% osetshenziswayo njengamanje. Amazwe aseMpumalanga Afrika alinganiselwa ukuthi anamandla e-geothermal angu-20,000 MW. Ithemba lamandla e- geothermal e-Afrika liyabonakala eKenya, umkhiqizi omkhulu we- geothermal e-Afrika. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwamandla avela kumhlaba oshisayo kubala ama-40% okukhiqiza ugesi esizweni.
Amandla elanga
Imboni yamandla elanga e-Afrika iyadlondlobala ngenxa yokwanda kwesidingo samandla avuselelekayo. Amaphaneli elanga ashibhile uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imithombo evuselelekayo futhi angafakwa cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye ze-Afrika ngenxa yamahora aphakeme ezwekazi okukhanya kwelanga okugqamile. Ngenxa yalokhu, umkhakha ozimele utshale kakhulu ezinkampanini ze-solar. Ngokwesibonelo, I-Globeleq inesivumelwano sokuthenga amandla seminyaka engu-20 (i-PPA) ne-Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) sokusabalalisa ugesi welanga njengomkhiqizi wamandla ozimele (IPP) kubantu baseKenya. Lesi sikhungo, esinamaphaneli elanga ayi-157,000, silethe ugesi kumakhasimende acishe abe ngu-250,000 ahlala eKenya.
Amandla omoya
Eminyakeni yakamuva, amandla omoya abonise amandla awo, ekhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe kulo mthombo wamandla avuselelekayo. Yize i-Afrika isasilela ngenxa yokuvuna amandla omoya, ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-IFC lukhombisa ukuthi izwekazi linamandla omoya cishe amahora angu-180,000 we-terawatt (TWh) ngonyaka, eyanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zayo zamandla izikhathi ezingu-250 ngaphezulu. Lezi zibalo zibonisa ikusasa lezwekazi elithembisayo kumandla avuselelekayo.
- Ukusabalalisa amandla avuselelekayo ngokusebenzisa izixazululo ezingaphandle kwegridi
Amagridi kazwelonke kagesi e-Afrika awathembekile futhi ayabiza, okuholela ekwahlukaniseni amandla kagesi avuselelekayo ngokusebenzisa amasistimu angaphandle kwegridi kanye ne-mini-grid. Ngenkathi Ama-68% ama-Afrika bahlala ezindaweni ezihlinzekwa ngamagridi kazwelonke kagesi, bangama-43% kuphela abajabulela ukuhlinzekwa okuthembekile okuvela kugridi kagesi kazwelonke yezwe labo. Ngakho-ke, amasistimu angaphandle kwegridi ziyisixazululo esisebenzayo sale nkinga, uma kubhekwa ukusebenza kahle kwazo, ukwethembeka, kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokufaka.
Emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, amandla avuselelekayo e-off-grid abhekisela kumasistimu e-solar photovoltaic (PV), kungaba kumazinga okuhlala noma okuhweba. Ngenxa yalokhu, imakethe yemikhiqizo yamandla elanga iye yanda kakhulu, njengoba iMpumalanga Afrika iyodwa ibika lokhu ukuthengiswa kwamayunithi ayizigidi ezi-2.43 yemikhiqizo yelanga engaphandle kwegridi engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka wezi-2019, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zasekhaya zelanga kanye nezibani zelanga.
Khomba amakhasimende
Imakethe eyinhloko okuhloswe ngayo yokuvuseleleka ngaphandle kwegridi e-Afrika ngabantu basezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, Ama-94% ama-Afrika abahlala emadolobheni bayakwazi ukuthola igridi kazwelonke uma kuqhathaniswa nama-45% ezakhamuzi zasemakhaya. Le nkinga ihambisana nezindleko eziphezulu kanye nezimo ezingenakwenzeka zokuxhuma izindawo zasemakhaya nogesi kazwelonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye osomabhizinisi bayasebenza amandla elanga ukuqhuba amabhizinisi ukuze kwehliswe izindleko eziphezulu zamandla alethwa ngemigudu kazwelonke yokusabalalisa. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kwabathengi ngabanye, izinkampani zinikeza ithuba lokuthengisa imikhiqizo yamandla avuselelekayo kulo lonke izwekazi.
I-takeway yokugcina
Izindleko eziphezulu kanye nokungathembeki kwamagridi kazwelonke kagesi e-Afrika kube yimbangela enkulu yesidingo sokuvuselelwa kabusha ngaphandle kwegridi.
