Ngaphezu kwezindleko zikagesi, intengo ye-hydrogen incike kakhulu ezindlekweni zokutshalwa kwezimali kwangaphambili kwe-electrolyzer. Uma ephansi amahora omthwalo ogcwele, umthelela uba mkhulu. Umhlaziyi u-BloombergNEF (BNEF) ubona izindlela eziningi ezahlukene ukuze imakethe ithuthuke.
Wonke ama-electrolyzer ane-stack eqondene nobuchwepheshe enkabeni yawo, lapho amanzi ehlukaniswa abe yi-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo. Lokhu kuqukethe amapuleti e-bipolar afakwe ngokucophelela, aqinile, ashiselwe kanye nolwelwesi lwepulasitiki - phakathi kwezici zezindleko eziyinhloko kuzo zonke izimboni ze-electrolysis. U-Xiaoting Wang, umhlaziyi we-BloombergNEF, ukhulume nezinkampani ezingu-20 emhlabeni wonke njengengxenye yocwaningo lwenkampani “I-Electrolysis System Capex [izindleko ezinkulu] ingase yehle ngo-30% ngo-2025”. Lokhu kwamnikeza ukuqonda ngesakhiwo sezindleko zamaphrojekthi angama-30 futhi kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukunquma izingxenye zentengo yemboni ye-alkaline electrolysis engu-10 MW e-China ngo-2021, njengesibonelo.
Isitaki sibale cishe u-33% wezindleko eziphelele, kusho u-Wang, ngo-40% wezindleko ezivela kwezinye izinto zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa amandla kagesi, ukuhlukaniswa kwegesi noketshezi, nokuhlanzwa kwegesi (bheka ishadi elingezansi). Okunye okungu-27% kwezindleko kudalwe ezinye izindleko zephrojekthi, njengobunjiniyela bomphakathi, ukufakwa kwemishini, kanye nezindlu.
I-alkaline yamaShayina
Umbiko we-BNEF uthe uhlelo lwe-alkaline lwe-10 MW luvamise ukuba nezitaki ezimbili ze-5 MW eziletha i-hydrogen kubha engu-16. Umkhiqizi uvame ukunikeza isisombululo esiphelele nazo zonke izesekeli nokufakwa. Onjiniyela baseShayina bathole ukunikezwa okunjalo ngo-2021 ngemali encane efika ku-$303/kW - okungukuthi, isamba esingaba ngu-€3 wezigidi (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-3.2). Lokhu akuzange kufake imali yokuxhuma igridi, ama-voltage transformer, noma ezinye izindleko “ezithambile” njengezindleko zokuthuthukisa, ukugunyaza kanye nezivumelwano zezimali.
U-Wang uthe izindleko zephrojekthi ezimakethe zaseNtshonalanga ezinama-electrolyzer akhiqizwa ekhaya ziphakeme ngokuphindwe kane. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kubiza isilinganiso esingu-€1,200/kW kuma-alkaline electrolyzer kanye no-€1,400/kW kuma-electrolyzers we-proton exchange membrane (PEM).
Izipesheli ezishibhile, njenge-€180/kW, ezivela kwa-Peric ngemboni engu-80 MW e-China; noma i-€521/kW, evela e-Thyssenkrupp yemboni ye-2 GW e-Saudi Arabia, ayifaki zonke izindleko zephrojekthi futhi, ngakho-ke, ayinakuqhathaniswa. Zihlanganisa izitaki ze-electrolysis, ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi lwegesi nokuhlanzwa, kanye nokunikezwa kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, ama-electronics kanye namakhabethe okulawula awafakiwe.
U-Wang uthi lo mehluko omkhulu wamanani ubangelwe yizindleko eziphansi zabasebenzi kanye namaketanga okuhlinzeka asungulwe e-China, lapho abakhiqizi bama-electrolyzer bengathola izinto zokwakha nezingxenye ngamanani aphansi kakhulu kunaseNtshonalanga. Kuze kube manje, ukukhiqizwa kwama-electrolyzer amaningi akuzenzakalelayo. Abakhiqizi baseShayina bebekhiqiza ama-electrolyzer esikali se-megawatt kwezinye izimboni ngaphambi kokuba kube nesidingo esivela kubakhiqizi be-hydrogen eluhlaza, okusho ukuthi bahlomula ekukhiqizeni okulinganiselwe. Amakhasimende akhona ahlanganisa abakhiqizi be-polysilicon yamaseli e-photovoltaic.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Bloomberg, kusukela ngoSepthemba 2022, kuthe abakhiqizi baseNtshonalanga bangathola izindleko eziphansi ezifanayo. Ukuze benze lokho, kuzodingeka basebenzise ukukhiqiza okuzenzakalelayo. U-Wang uthe ulindele ukwehliswa kwamanani okubalulekile ngaphambi kuka-2025 (bona ishadi eliyinhloko ngenhla). Amanani ka-2021 nawo asafaka phakathi amamajini anele ezinkampani zobunjiniyela, zokuthenga, nezokwakha (EPC). Intuthuko yesikhathi eside ikhombisa ukuthi izintengo zamaphrojekthi we-electrolysis zizohlangana emhlabeni wonke kusukela ngo-2035.
Abatshalizimali baseNtshonalanga bavame ukuphathisa inkampani ye-EPC ukuphatha yonke iphrojekthi ngesamba semali, futhi bathembele ezinkampanini ezinkulu, ezaziwayo. Izinkampani ezinjalo ngokuvamile zinolwazi oluncane ekwakhiweni kwezitshalo ze-electrolysis, noma kunjalo, ngakho-ke amaphrimiyamu okuphepha entengo yomnikelo jikelele aphezulu. Ngolwazi olukhulayo kanye nokungena kwabahleli bephrojekthi abakhethekile, okuholela ekuqhudelaneni okwengeziwe, lezi zindleko ezengeziwe kufanele zehle.
Iziqukathi ezenziwe ngaphambilini
Abahlinzeki bemishini nabo bazama ukunikeza imikhiqizo enciphisa umsebenzi endaweni yokwakha, ngaleyo ndlela yehlise izindleko. Omunye umkhuba osekela lokhu ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezifakwe emabhokisini. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izingxenye zesistimu ezihlukahlukene akudingekile ukuba zihlanganiswe esizeni kodwa esikhundleni salokho zenziwe embonini, zihlolwe, futhi zilethwe endaweni ehlosiwe. Lokhu kunciphisa imithombo yephutha futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokuthunyelwa sabasebenzi abangochwepheshe esizeni.
Ekubuyekezeni ukuhlaziywa kwayo kwemakethe, i-Bloomberg ibike ngokunikezwa kwezixazululo ezinjalo zamabhokisi ngo-$1,000/kW. Abangaphakathi embonini baze babike izinhlinzeko eziphansi njengo-$700/kW, kusho uWang. Isixazululo esisodwa esinjalo sesitsha sethulwa ku-a pv umagazini I-webinar yaseJalimane ngoFebruwari 2023. I-electrolyzer ye-PEM evela kumnikezeli waseJalimane i-H-Tec inokukhipha okungu-1 MW futhi ikhiqiza u-450 kg we-hydrogen ngosuku. Ukuqoshwa kwe pv umagazini ama-webinars ayatholakala ku-pv-magazine.com/webinars.
Labo abafuna ukunciphisa izindleko ngokuthenga i-electrolyzer evela eChina kudingeka bacabangele ukuthi imikhiqizo ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ivamise ukuthengiswa ngenani lentengo eliphakathi kuka-20% kuya ku-30%, uma kuqhathaniswa namanani emakethe yasekhaya, kusho i-BloombergNEF, okusho ukuthi izindleko zentuthuko nezokuhlelwa kwephrojekthi zisazoba phezulu. Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi ukukhetha uhlobo lwaseShayina oluzohlinzeka ngezinto zokusebenza eziyinhloko kunganciphisa ithuba lephrojekthi lokuthola uxhaso lwasendaweni futhi kungase kuphazamise ukuxhaswa kwezimali.
Amaphrojekthi okuqala e-hydrogen eluhlaza, futhi namanje asaklanyelwe ukudonsa ugesi kugridi, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kwama-electrolyzer kulinganisa nyanga zonke noma minyaka yonke ngokumelene nokukhiqizwa kukagesi ovuselelekayo wabahlinzeki. Kulokhu, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezobuchwepheshe kwe-alkaline electrolysis ngokwemibandela yokuguquguquka ngeke kubakhathaze opharetha.
Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kuka-2030, amaphrojekthi amaningi amasha e-hydrogen eluhlaza azodinga ukuqinisekisa ukufana kwehora phakathi kokuphehlwa kwamandla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwezinhlelo ze-electrolysis ezixhunywe kugridi, okuzoholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamaphrojekthi amaningi angaphandle kwegridi, kusho u-Wang. Lo mkhuba awukona nje kuphela ngenxa yesidingo sencazelo ecacile ye-hydrogen eluhlaza. Ukuxhumana okuqondile nezitshalo ezikhiqiza izinto ezivuselelekayo nakho kufanele kuthuthukise ukubakhona kwezomnotho esikhathini esizayo. Phela, ukusebenzisa igridi ukushintsha amanani amakhulu kagesi kuzobiza kakhulu esikhathini esizayo. I-Electrolysis enogesi wegridi ezinzile ngeke, ngakho-ke, ikwazi ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen eshibhile esikhathini esizayo kunamandla elanga nomoya, ngezindleko zabo eziphansi zokuphehla ugesi.
Ukwehliswa kwezindleko
Yilapho ama-electrolyzer e-PEM aqala khona ukudlala. Lezi zingalandela kangcono ukuphakelwa kukagesi oguquguqukayo futhi ziphinde zisebenze ngokuphumelelayo ekusebenzeni kokulayisha ingxenye noma ngaphandle kwegridi. Kodwa-ke, lobu buchwepheshe busadinga ukunciphisa kakhulu ukuncika kwabo ezinsimbi zeqembu le-platinum ezibizayo, ikakhulukazi i-iridium, ukuze uthole isabelo semakethe esiphezulu, kusho uWang. I-Plug Power, evela e-United States, ne-ITM Power, evela e-United Kingdom, isebenzisa amagremu angu-200 kuya kwangu-300 e-iridium imegawathi ngayinye yomthamo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamanje emhlabeni wonke kwe-iridium kungamathani ama-metric ayisikhombisa ngonyaka. Ngisho noma yonke ivolumu ibisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-catalysts e-PEM electrolysis, lolu chungechunge lokuhlinzeka lungasekela kuphela ubukhulu obungu-35 GW ngonyaka. I-PEM ingabusa kuphela imakethe ye-hydrogen eluhlaza uma abakhiqizi bekwazi ukunciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-iridium ngeyunithi ngayinye kuleli shumi leminyaka noma bathole umphumela ofanayo ngokuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwensimbi okuthuthukisiwe. U-Wang uthe i-Electric Hydrogen, umkhiqizi omusha wase-United States we-PEM electrolyzers, usevele ubike usebenzisa i-iridium encane kakhulu kunezimbangi.
Kukhona nethuba lokuthi i-electrolysis ye-anion exchange membrane (AEM) ingase ithathele i-PEM ngemva kuka-2030 ngoba ayisebenzisi izinsimbi ezibizayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abakhiqizi kumele baphumelele ekwakheni izitaki ezifanele amaphrojekthi amakhulu. I-Enapter iyingqalabutho ye-AEM, yakha izitaki ezincane futhi izihlanganise zibe amayunithi amakhulu angu-1 MW asemancane uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-electrolyzer. Inkampani yaseCalifornia iVerdagy isanda kuqala ukuthengisa amamojula angama-20 MW, ngalinye liqukethe izitaki ezimbili ze-10 MW.
Izitaki ezinkulu
Ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen eningi kusuka kusitaki esisodwa kungenye indlela yokunciphisa izindleko. Enye indlela yokufeza lokhu ngokwandisa usayizi wesitaki ngokwaso. Isitaki esikhulu kunazo zonke sezentengiselwano, esino-15 MW, esafika emakethe ngoSepthemba 2023, sivela eLongi, ngokusho kukaWang. Nakuba ukukhulisa usayizi wesitaki kuzwakala kuqondile, kunezinkinga ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, kuba nzima kakhulu ukuhambisa amayunithi amakhulu, ikakhulukazi ukuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe. Okwesibili, ngamayunithi amakhulu, amandla emishini nezingcindezi ziba ngokungalingani, okuthinta ukuphepha futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokusebenza kahle okuphansi.
Isivuno esiningi singatholakala ngokwandisa ukuminyana kwamanje. Kalula nje, lapho ama-electron engeziwe edlula esitaki, yilapho kukhiqizwa khona i-hydrogen eyengeziwe. Ukusebenzisa kalula i-voltage ephezulu kungakhuphula ukuminyana kwamanje kodwa kube nomthelela omubi ekusebenzeni kahle. Isu lokugcina noma lokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle wukubuyekeza izakhiwo zangaphakathi kanye nokwethula ama-catalyst nama-membrane asethuthukile.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eside, kungcono ukukhulisa ukuminyana kwamanje, kusho uWang. Amandla Wokuxhuma kanye Namandla e-ITM ayahola lapha ngokuminyana kwamanje okungaphezu kuka-3A/cm2 (ama-ampere nge-cm2 ngayinye) kulandelwa umkhiqizi we-AEM u-Verdagy, one-2A/cm2. Ama-electrolyzer amaningi e-alkaline aseShayina ano-0.3A/cm kuphela2. U-Wang yena, ufundile ku-Electric Hydrogen ukuthi umkhiqizo wabo uzoba nokuminyana kwamanje okuphezulu kakhulu kune-Plug Power kanye ne-ITM Power. Ulinganise ukuthi, ngo-2030, ukuminyana kwamanje kusondele ku-10A/cm2 kuzoba okujwayelekile kubakhiqizi abasele be-PEM electrolyzers.
Ukuncintisana okuningi
Izindleko zemikhiqizo yaseNtshonalanga ekuqaleni zingase zehle cishe ngama-30% ngo-2025. Ngaphezu kwenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe, ukuncintisana nakho kungenzeka kukhuphuke. Abakhiqizi emhlabeni wonke bamemezele amandla okukhiqiza angu-52.6 GW kulo nyaka kanti ukudiliva kunethemba kuphela ku-5 GW, ngokusho kwesibikezelo se-BloombergNEF. E-China, lapho sekuvele kunomncintiswano oshubile wama-oda avela kubathuthukisi bephrojekthi, amamajini abakhiqizi mancane. Ukwengeza, abathuthukisi bavikela ubungozi babo kumkhiqizi ngokukhokha kuphela kufika ku-85% yenani okuvunyelwene ngalo ekulethweni kanye nokunye uma ukugunyazwa sekuqediwe futhi ukusebenza kusahamba kahle ngemva kwezinyanga eziyi-18.
Ingcindezi ayikabi phezulu ezimakethe zaseNtshonalanga, njengoba abatshalizimali nabathuthukisi bephrojekthi e-Europe nase-United States bengase bacabangele uxhaso oluphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa. Kodwa-ke, amandla okukhiqiza nawo ayakhula lapha futhi izimboni zidinga ukusetshenziswa ngokugcwele. Uma abakhiqizi baseShayina futhi befuna insindiso yabo ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe, kubonakala ukuthi impi yamanani izokwanda kuzo zonke izimakethe.
Imibono nemibono evezwe kulesi sihloko ngeyombhali ngokwakhe, futhi ayibonisi leyo ephethwe nguye pv umagazini.
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