Ubuchwephesha boLawulo lwe-Inventory for Online Businesses 

Ulawulo lwempahla yinxalenye engundoqo yolawulo olululo lwekhonkco lonikezelo. Nokuba uthengisa ntoni, ukubeka iliso kwi-inventri ngononophelo kunokunceda ukugcina ingeniso ihamba kwaye abathengi bonwabile.

Iinkampani zisebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokuqinisekisa ukuba amanqanaba esitokhwe alungile kwaye anengeniso. Kodwa ukukhetha iindlela ezifanelekileyo zolawulo lwempahla akukho lula, ngakumbi kwishishini elikhula ngokukhawuleza. Yiyo loo nto ukuseka isiseko esifanelekileyo kwasekuqaleni kubaluleke kakhulu.

Esi sikhokelo sichaza isitokhwe ezintlanu izicwangciso zolawulo amashishini online kufuneka yazi kwaye iinkampani zamacebiso ahlakaniphile zinokufaka isicelo ukugcina uluhlu lwempahla luphawula kakuhle.

Isiqulatho
Yintoni ulawulo lwempahla?
Kutheni le nto ulawulo lwempahla lubalulekile?
Ulawulo lwempahla ye-KPIs
Iindlela ezi-5 ezilumkileyo zolawulo loluhlu lweshishini kwi-Intanethi
Iingcebiso kumashishini e-intanethi ukulawula uluhlu lwempahla
isiphelo
Ii-FAQs zolawulo lwempahla

Yintoni ulawulo lwempahla?

Ulawulo loluhlu luquka amacebo kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ziinkampani ukufumana, ukuhlela, ukugcina, ukulandelela kunye nokuhambisa iimpahla. Ibandakanya zonke iinkqubo zokufumana iimpahla zilungele ukuthengiswa, ukusuka kwimveliso okanye ekuthengeni ukuya ekuhanjisweni kokugqibela.

Ulawulo lwempahla lujolise ekuphuculeni inkqubo yokubamba uluhlu kunye nokunciphisa iindleko. Ngokunjalo, iinkampani zilawula uluhlu lwempahla ukunyusa isantya sokufumana kunye nokuzalisekisa iiodolo ukuze abathengi bahlale bonwabile kwaye ishishini lihamba ngokukhawuleza.

Iinkampani zihlala zisebenzisa iinkqubo zolawulo lwe-inventri ukunceda ucwangciso nolawulo olusebenzayo. Inkqubo yakho yoluhlu lwempahla isenokuba sispredishithi okanye inkqubo yesoftware ezenzekelayo, kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ixhasa umfanekiso oyinyaniso weshishini lakho kwaye ikhuthaza ukwenziwa kwezigqibo okukhulu.

Kutheni le nto ulawulo lwempahla lubalulekile?

Nokuba ingakanani na isayizi yenkampani, uluhlu lwempahla luthatha imali eninzi. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukukhusela loo asethi kwaye ufumane ezona ndlela zilungileyo zokuyisebenzisa - kwaye yiyo loo nto iinkampani ziziqhelanisa nolawulo lwempahla.

Nazi ezinye izizathu zokuba kutheni kubalulekile ukuziqhelanisa nolawulo olululo lwe-inventri:

• Khuthaza ukubonakala kwesitokhwe: Ukubonakala kwempahla kuxa unokuxela inqanaba kunye nemeko ye-inventri yakho ngokukrwaquza. Ukubonakala kakubi kunokukhokelela kumanqanaba esitokhwe aphantsi okanye angachanekanga, okanye okubi ngakumbi, kunokukhokelela kwisitokhwe esixineneyo okanye esifileyo-i-inventri onokuthi uyithengisile kodwa awuyibonanga.
• Gcina imali: Isitokhwe esigqithileyo nesixineneyo sithatha kuphela indawo yokugcina ngaphandle kokubonelela ngembuyekezo kutyalo-mali lwakho. Kodwa isicwangciso esilungileyo se-inventri sihambisa iimpahla ngokukhawuleza zingene kwaye ziphume kwindawo yakho yokugcina kwaye zonga imali ekugcinweni.
• Yandisa ingeniso: Izinto ezithile ziya kuhlala zithengiswa ngokukhawuleza, ngenxa yezizathu ezifana nexesha lonyaka okanye ukutshintsha ukhetho lwabathengi. Kodwa ngolawulo olululo lwe-inventri, uya kukwazi xa oko kusenzeka kwaye ulungele ukuthatha ithuba.
• Gcina abathengi banelisekile: Abathengi bakho bafuna ukuhanjiswa okukhawulezayo kunye nokuchanekileyo, kunye nokudala inkqubo yolawulo lwe-inventri engenamthungo inceda ukufezekisa oko - kwaye ekugqibeleni iqinisekisa ukunyuka kokwaneliseka kwabathengi.
• Susa inkunkuma: Okokugqibela, ulawulo olululo lwe-inventri luphelisa ukumoshwa kwezibonelelo kuluhlu olugqithisileyo nokonakala. Uya kufunda into ekwindawo yakho yokugcina izinto kwaye uzihambise ngokukhawuleza phambi komhla wokuthengisa.

Ulawulo lwempahla ye-KPIs

Nangona ibalulekile ekuthengiseni ingeniso, ulawulo lwe-inventri lukwayinkqubo entsonkothileyo. Ukugcina umkhondo wazo zonke izinto ezihamba kwindawo yakho yokugcina impahla, ukusuka ekuboneleleni ukuya ekuhanjisweni, kunokuba nzima. Kodwa kukho izikhombisi ezininzi zokusebenza eziphambili (KPIs) ezinokukunceda ubone umfanekiso omkhulu ngokukhawuleza.

• Inventory turnover ratio: Le KPI ilinganisa ngokukhawuleza ukuba uluhlu lwempahla luthengiswa kwaye lutshintshwe. Ingeniso ephezulu ibonisa ukuba ishishini liyakhawuleza kwaye lisebenza kakuhle. Ungabala umlinganiselo wengeniso yempahla ngokwahlula-hlula ixabiso lempahla ethengisiweyo ngexabiso eliphakathi.
• Banga ukuchaneka koqikelelo: Uqikelelo lwemfuno lulindele imfuno yexesha elizayo kwithuba elithile. Ngale metric, unokumisela ukuchaneka koqikelelo lwakho kwaye ulungelelanise ngokufanelekileyo, ngokwenjenjalo ukwandisa ingeniso kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokuthwala. Mean Absolute Devite and Mean Absolute Percent Imposiso ziindlela zokubala le KPI.
• Ireyithi ye-backorder: Iiodolo ezingenakuziswa zii-backoda. Izinga eliphezulu le-backorder libonisa ukucwangciswa kweemfuno ezingachanekanga kwaye kunokukhokelela ekwanelisekeni kwabathengi. Ungabala ireyithi ye-backorder ngokwahlula inani lee-odolo ezingenakuziswa ngenani lilonke le-odolo x 100.
• Ukuthwala iindleko ze-inventri: Iindleko zokuthwala ziindleko zizonke zokugcina isitokhwe sogcino. Zibandakanya inkunzi, indawo yokugcina, inkonzo ye-inventri, kunye neendleko zengozi yoluhlu. Iindleko eziphezulu zokuphatha zibonisa ukungafezeki kakuhle kwendawo yokugcina impahla. Bala iindleko zokuphatha ngokwenza itotali nganye kwezine zeendleko ezikhankanywe apha kwaye uzahlule nge-avareji yeendleko ze-inventri yonyaka.
• Ixesha lomjikelo wokuodola: Le KPI ibala ukuba uphinda uthengise kwakhona kangakanani kwindawo yakho yokugcina. Ixesha lomjikelo weodolo ephantsi libonisa ukuba ubeka ii-odolo kubathengisi rhoqo. Kwaye okukhona u-odola rhoqo, isitokhwe esincinci osiphathayo oko kuthetha ukuba iindleko zokuthwala ezisezantsi kunye nomlinganiselo ongcono wengeniso. Kodwa khumbula ukuba le metric inokuchatshazelwa ziimfuno zomboneleli ezifana nokuphindaphindwa kweodolo.
• Izinga lembuyekezo: Umlinganiselo wakho wembuyekezo ulandelela ukuba kukangaphi ukubuyiselwa kweeodolo. Ibalwa njengenani leeyunithi ezibuyisiweyo zahlulwe ngenani leeyunithi ezithengisiweyo x 100. Ngelixa kuyindalo ukufuna ukugcina le KPI iphantsi, iiodolo zokubuyiswa zinokubakho rhoqo kwezinye iimveliso xa kuthelekiswa nezinye. Ngoko ke, i-akhawunti yedatha yeemeko, ezifana nohlobo lwemveliso kunye nesizathu sokubuyisela, ukuhlalutya okusebenzayo.

Iindlela ezi-5 ezilumkileyo zolawulo loluhlu lweshishini kwi-Intanethi

Nangona kucacile ukuba ulawulo lwe-inventri lubalulekile, indlela inkampani nganye eyenza ngayo inkqubo yahlukile. Kungenxa yokuba iindlela ezininzi kunye neendlela ziyafumaneka kwishishini ngalinye, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zabo kunye nemodeli yokubonelela.

Nangona kunjalo, amaqhinga alandelayo olawulo lwesitokhwe aya kuphucula ulawulo lwakho lwempahla, nokuba bubuphi na ubuchule bakho.

1. Okokuqala phakathi, kuqala ngaphandle

Njengoko igama lisitsho, okokuqala, kuphuma kuqala (FIFO) kuthetha ukuba isitokhwe esidala sithengiswa kuqala. Bubuchule obuthembekileyo bokucwangcisa uluhlu lwempahla olusebenza kwiintlobo ezininzi zeemveliso, kubandakanywa izinto ezitshabalalayo kunye nempahla ehlala ixesha elide.

Ngokonakala kwezinto, ingqiqo yeli qhinga icacile - awufuni kuphelela kwizinto ezonakeleyo ongenakuzithengisa. Ke, i-FIFO ifumana isitokhwe esitsha ngasemva kwendawo yokugcina impahla ngelixa isitokhwe esidala sihlala ngaphambili kwaye silandela kumgca wokuziswa. Ikwanceda ukuhambisa iimpahla ezomeleleyo ngokukhawuleza ngelixa zisacocekile naphambi kokuba ziphelelwe lixesha ngenxa yokutshintsha ukupakishwa okanye ukuyilwa kwemveliso.

2. Kanye ngexesha

Ngolawulo lwe-inventri nje-ngexesha (JIT), iinkampani zithenga kwaye zigcine uluhlu lwempahla ngokwesiseko esifunekayo. Ngenxa yoko, i-inventri igcinwa kumanqanaba aphantsi kunokwenzeka ukuzalisekisa ii-odolo ngaphandle kokuphuma kwisitokhwe. Injongo yeJIT kukuphelisa inkcitho kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokugqithisa, ukonakaliswa, okanye uluhlu olufileyo.

Ngelixa i-JIT ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi malunga nokugcinwa kweendleko zokugcina, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokusebenza kancinci, kunokuba yingozi ukusebenza. Uya kuthenga kuphela uluhlu lwempahla kwiintsuku ezimbalwa phambi kokuba lufuneke ukuthengiswa, okuthetha ukuba nokulibaziseka okuncinci kwinkqubo kunokubulala.

Ukuziqhelanisa neJIT kukwafuna ukuba ishishini lakho libe lula kwaye libe namandla ukuze lihambisane nomjikelo wokuzaliseka omfutshane. Kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba uphumelele ngokucwangciswa koluhlu olucokisekileyo noluchanekileyo.

3. Uhlalutyo lwe-ABC

Ayizizo zonke izinto zesitokhwe ezenziwe ngokulinganayo. Abanye bathengisa ngokukhawuleza okanye babambe ingeniso enkulu kunabanye. Ngenxa yoko, ukuziqhelanisa noluhlu lweempahla oluvakalayo luyalela ukuba ubeke phambili ezona zinto zixabisekileyo kwisitokhwe sakho ngokufumaneka kunye nemveliso.

Uhlalutyo lwe-ABC wahlula uluhlu lwempahla lube ziindidi ezintathu ukuchonga ukuba zeziphi ezinezona ngeniso zingcono.

• Iimveliso zodidi A zezona zibaluleke kakhulu kuwe, ezizisa phakathi kwe-40-60% yengeniso.
• Iimveliso zodidi B ziphakathi; bamele i-15-30% yengeniso.
• Iimveliso zodidi C zezona zixabisekileyo, zinengeniso eyi-5-10 kuphela.

Ngelixa isitokhwe kufuneka sifumaneke ngokulula kwaye sihamba ngokukhawuleza, izinto ze-C zinokugcwala ngasemva kwevenkile kwaye aziodolwa rhoqo.

Ngohlalutyo lwe-ABC, amashishini anokwaba izibonelelo ngcono kwaye abeke phambili izinto ezifanelekileyo zoluhlu. Obu buchule bunokwenza ukuba kubekho amaxabiso acwangcisiweyo kunye nengeniso. Kwelinye icala, uhlalutyo lwe-ABC lunokungahoyi iimveliso ezifumana ukuthandwa ngabathengi, kwaye ukuphumeza ubuchule kudla ngokufuna ixesha elibalulekileyo kunye nemithombo yoluntu.

4. Uluhlu lwezinto ezithunyelwayo

Uluhlu lweempahla lufana ne-JIT malunga nendlela enceda ngayo ukulawula iindleko zokugcina kunye nempahla. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo neJIT, awunayo nasiphi na isitokhwe osithengisayo kunye noluhlu lwempahla. Endaweni yoko, isitokhwe sesomthengisi (umthumeli) de ibe ithengisiwe. Umthengisi uhlawula kuphela iimpahla emva kokuthengisa.

Le ndlela yokucwangcisa uluhlu ilungile kwiindleko ze-inventri. Awunyanzelekanga ukuba uhlawulele isitokhwe kwangaphambili; ukuba iimpahla azithengiswa, akufuneki uhlawule. Oku ke, kunceda ekungabini namali, ngakumbi kumashishini e-intanethi anokuthi angabinayo imali yokubamba uluhlu lwezinto ezinkulu.

Isicwangciso sikwaluncedo ukuba ufuna ukunika uluhlu olubanzi lwemveliso kodwa ungafuni ukuba ngumthwalo ogqithisileyo ekusebenzeni kwakho. Nangona kunjalo, ababoneleli abanako ukuyixhasa le ndlela ngaphandle kokuba umthengisi unemfuno enkulu njengoko uninzi lomngcipheko ekuthengisweni komthwalo uwela kumthengisi.

5. Ukubalwa komjikelo we-inventri

Njengoko igama lisitsho, ukubalwa komjikelo we-inventri kubandakanya ukuthatha isitokhwe se-inventri kwimijikelo emincinci. Ubuchwephesha busebenzisa iisampulu zoluhlu oluncinci ukujonga iirekhodi ze-inventri kunye nokuvavanya ukuba ziyahambelana na nezinto ezibonakalayo kwivenkile yakho. Ezinye iintlobo zobalo lomjikelo woluhlu zezi:

• Lawula iqela lomjikelo wokubala: Kubandakanya ukubala iqela elifanayo lezinto amaxesha amaninzi. Oku kunceda ukuveza iimpazamo kwiirekhodi okanye ubuchule bokubala obunokulungiswa ekuyileni inkqubo yokubala engcono.
• Ukubalwa kwesampulu ngokungacwangciswanga: Abathengisi abaneendawo zokugcina ezinkulu okanye izinto ezifanayo kakhulu banokuzuza ngokubalwa kwesampulu ngokungakhethiyo. Ubuchule bubandakanya ukukhetha ngokungakhethiyo nokubala inani lezinto kwisitokhwe ngasinye, ngokwenjenjalo kuncitshiswa ukuphazamiseka.
• Ukubala komjikelo we-ABC: Ngobu buchule, uya kubala izinto ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lengeniso kwishishini lakho, ngokohlalutyo lwe-ABC. Izinto ezikudidi A ziya kubalwa rhoqo kunezinto zesitokhwe se-B okanye u-C.

Ixabiso elikhawulezayo lokubala komjikelo yindlela egcina ngayo ixesha kunye nomsebenzi. Ngobu buchule, akunyanzelekanga ukuba wenze isitokhwe esigcweleyo ngalo lonke ixesha ufuna ukulungelelanisa izinto ezibonakalayo kwindawo yakho yokugcina iimpahla kunye neerekhodi ze-inventri. Ikwagcina ukusebenza kwendawo yokugcina izinto isebenza ngokuphazamiseka okuncinci, nangona ubala uluhlu lwempahla.

Kodwa ubuchule bukwanazo iimpazamo. Umzekelo, ayithelekiseki nestokhwe esipheleleyo. Kwakhona, kuhlala kukho umngcipheko wokuba, ekukhetheni iisampulu onokuzibala, uya kudlula iindawo zesitokhwe ezineengxaki ezifuna ukulungiswa.

Iingcebiso kumashishini e-intanethi ukulawula uluhlu lwempahla

Njengoko ubonile, indlela inkampani eyenza ngayo ulawulo lwempahla inokuchaphazela iindleko zeshishini, ingeniso, kunye nokwaneliseka kwabathengi. Ngelixa ucwangcisa kwezona ndlela zibalaseleyo zokucwangcisa isitokhwe kwishishini lakho, landela ezi ngcebiso ukuze wenze inkqubo yakho ibe neziphumo ezingcono.

• Sebenzisa inkqubo yolawulo lwempahla: Ulawulo lwempahla lunokuba yindinisa, kwaye iimpazamo zinokwenzeka. Ngenxa yoko, kungcono ukwenza inkqubo yakho ngokuzenzekelayo ngenkqubo yolawulo lwempahla. Ngaphandle koko, isoftware iya kuvelisa ezinye izibonelelo ezinje ngoqikelelo olukhokelwa yidatha, izilumkiso zexesha lokwenyani, kunye nokulandelwa kwe-inventri.
• Gcina ubudlelwane obuhle bomthengisi: Ababoneleli abathembekileyo baxabisekile kwishishini lakho, ngoko kuyavakala ukusebenza ukubagcina. Ungagcina ubudlelwane obunempilo bomthengisi ngokuhlawula amatyala ngexesha, ukunxibelelana ngokucacileyo, kunye nokuphatha abathengisi ngembeko.
• Gcina isitokhwe sikumanqanaba afanelekileyo: Ngaphandle kokuba uqhelisela i-JIT okanye esinye isicwangciso esisiqilima se-inventri, uya kufuna ukuqinisekisa amanqanaba esitokhwe afanelekileyo. Umthetho olungileyo kukugcina uluhlu olwaneleyo lokuzalisekisa iiodolo rhoqo, nokuba lithuba leeveki ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. Oku kunika ixesha elaneleyo lokuhambisa kunye nokubuyisela kwakhona ngaphandle kwe-understock okanye iingxaki ezingaphezulu kwe-inventory.
• Sebenzisana ngobuchule nezinto ezigqithisileyo: Nokuba ngeyona mizamo yakho ilungileyo, usenokufumanisa ukuba unempahla eninzi. Sebenzisana nezi zinto ngobuchule ngokubonelela ngezivumelwano ezikhethekileyo okanye izaphulelo ukuze uzihambise ngokukhawuleza. Ngelixa izinto ziya kuthengisa ngexabiso elingaphantsi kunokuba ubufuna, ziya kushenxisa iishelufu zakho, zikuvumela ukuba unyuse izinga lokuthengisa kwaye wenze imali eninzi ekuhambeni kwexesha-kwaye oko kubaluleke ngakumbi.

isiphelo

Ngokubanzi, ulawulo olululo lwempahla luya kongela imali kwaye luncede ukukhulisa ishishini lakho. Okukhona ulawula isitokhwe ngokufanelekileyo, kokukhona uya kwenza intengiso ngokukhawuleza kwaye ufumane inzuzo. Ngoqheliselo lokucwangcisa uluhlu ekwabelwana ngalo apha, ukwindawo entle ukuba uqalise.

Ii-FAQs zolawulo lwempahla

Zeziphi iintlobo ezine eziphambili zoluhlu lwempahla? 

Uluhlu lweshishini lubhekisa kuyo yonke imveliso yeshishini elinokuthengisa kwaye lijonge ukuyithengisa. Ibandakanya iintlobo ezine eziphambili:

• Iimpahla ezingekasilwa
• Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka
• Iimpahla ezigqityiweyo
• Ukugcinwa, ukulungiswa, kunye nokulungiswa ngokutsha kwempahla

Zeziphi iindlela eziphambili zolawulo lwempahla? 

Ubuchule obukhulu bolawulo lwe-inventri kukuqala, kuphuma kuqala (FIFO), uqikelelo lwemfuno, kunye nolawulo lwe-inventri nje-ngexesha (JIT). Nangona kunjalo, nceda uqaphele ukuba iqhinga ngalinye linezinto ezilungileyo kunye nezingalunganga, ngoko kufanelekile ukufunda nganye ukuze ufunde ukuba yeyiphi eyona ifanele iimfuno zeshishini lakho.

Zeziphi izinto ezintlanu zolawulo lwe-inventri? 

Imiba emihlanu engundoqo yolawulo lwempahla zezi:

• Ukuhlela kunye nokulungelelanisa uluhlu
• Ukugcina iirekhodi zesitokhwe zangoku
• Ukuphicothwa kwe-inventri rhoqo
• Ukuvavanya ukusebenza komthengisi
• Ukugcina ulwaneliseko oluphezulu lwabathengi