FOB Incoterms: Vula isiKhokelo kwabo bafuna ngakumbi

“Ndinike imyuziyam ndize ndiyigcwalise.”—UPablo Picasso wakha wayithetha le nto, ebamba ubume bobugcisa bomsebenzi womzobi. Ngokwenene, kwihlabathi lobugcisa namhlanje, kuqhelekile ukuba igcisa lizise umsebenzi walo wobugcisa kwigalari ukuze ithunyelwe, ngokufanelekileyo izalise igalari ngeziqwenga zayo ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphantsi kwelungiselelo elinjalo, igcisa linoxanduva lokuhambisa ngokukhuselekileyo umzobo kwigalari, esebenza njengomthengi wokuqala emva kokuthatha ubunini ngokubonisa umsebenzi wobugcisa. 

Olu dluliselo loxanduva luhambelana ngokusondeleyo nomthetho weFOB (Free On Board) ochazwa ngu ImiGaqo yoRhwebo yaMazwe ngaMazwe (Incoterms). Kanye njengoko umculi ehambisa umzobo kwigalari ukuze abonise ngokupheleleyo, umthengisi unoxanduva lokuthutha iimpahla kwi-port kwaye azilayishe kwinqanawa phantsi kwemiqathango yeFOB. Umthengi (igalari) ke uthatha uxanduva olupheleleyo, ngokufanayo nendlela umthengi enza ngayo ngokweFOB xa iimpahla zilayishiwe enqanaweni. 

Ukufumana umfanekiso opheleleyo wenkcazo ye-FOB, kubalulekile ukuqonda uxanduva kunye nezibophelelo zemali zombini umthengisi kunye nomthengi phantsi komgaqo we-FOB, kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-FOB kunye nokuqwalaselwa komthengi oyimfuneko xa ukhetha imigaqo ye-FOB. Funda ngakumbi ukuze ufunde ngakumbi.

Isiqulatho
Ukuqonda iFOB Incoterms
Uxanduva oluphambili kunye neempembelelo zemali
Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-FOB kunye nokuqwalaselwa komthengi okuyimfuneko
Indlela elungeleleneyo

Ukuqonda iFOB Incoterms

I-FOB, okanye i-Free kwiBhodi, ngumgaqo we-Incoterms ofuna ukuba umthengisi ahambise iimpahla kwinqanawa ekhethwe ngumthengi kwi-port echaziweyo yokuthunyelwa emva kokugqiba iinkqubo zokuthumela ngaphandle. Ukususela ngelo xesha ukuya phambili, umthengi uthatha lonke uhambo lokuthutha, kubandakanywa inkqubo yokungenisa impahla kunye nokulawula ingozi. 

Ngesi sizathu, i-FOB icetyiswa kuphela kwiindlela zothutho lwendlela yamanzi elwandle okanye engaphakathi elizweni, hayi kwezinye izinikezelo zezandla zabathwali bangaphambili, ukuqinisekisa iindawo ezicacileyo zokudluliselwa. Lo mgaqo ufana nezinye ii-Incoterms ezi-3 kuphela phakathi kwazo zonke i-11 ezikhoyo ngoku, ezinciphisa isicelo kwezi ndlela zothutho ezithile: i-FAS, i-CFR, kunye ne-CIF.

Uxanduva oluphambili kunye neempembelelo zemali

Uxanduva lomthengisi kunye neempembelelo zemali

Uxanduva kunye nezibophelelo zemali zomthengisi phantsi kwemiqathango yeFOB zigxile kwimiba emibini engundoqo: imisebenzi yokulayisha kwangaphambili kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemvume yokuthumela ngaphandle. Imisebenzi yokuthunyelwa kwangaphambili ibandakanya zonke izibophelelo zokuhanjiswa ukuya kwindawo yokulayisha, egqitywe ngumthengi okanye, ukuba ayichazwanga, kwindawo efanelekileyo kakhulu kumthengisi.

Ngokwezemali, umthengisi uthwala zonke iindleko ukusuka ekupakishweni ukuya kuhambiso lwezibuko, kubandakanya nokulayisha iimpahla enqanaweni. Oku kubandakanya zonke iirhafu kunye nemisebenzi ehambelanayo yokuthumela ngaphandle, njengoko umthengisi ukwanoxanduva lokulawula zonke iimvume zokuthumela ngaphandle, ukufumana iilayisensi eziyimfuneko zokuthumela ngaphandle, kunye nokuqhuba naluphi na uhlolo olufunekayo lwangaphambili. Umngcipheko ugqithiselwa kumthengi xa iimpahla zilayishiwe ebhodini. 

Ukuyibeka ngokulula, indima yomthengisi kukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zikulungele ukulayishwa kwinqanawa echongiweyo, kungekho zibophelelo zothutho lwazo olulandelayo ukuya kwindawo yokugqibela okanye ukulungiselela nayiphi na i-inshorensi yokhuseleko.

Uxanduva lomthengi kunye neempembelelo zemali

Ngokwahlukileyo kwiimbopheleleko zomthengisi ezijolise kuphela kwimisebenzi yokulayisha kwangaphambili, uxanduva lomthengi lubeka yonke imithwalo kwimisebenzi emva kokulayisha. Ngokuqhelekileyo nje ukuba iimpahla zilayishwe enqanaweni, umthengi uthatha yonke imisebenzi elandelayo, kuquka ukulungisa nokulawula eyona khareji iphambili kunye nokuhlawula zonke iindleko ezinxulumene nayo.

Umthengi ukwajongana nayo yonke imingcipheko kunye neendleko zothutho ukusuka kwindawo yokulayisha, kubandakanywa yonke imvume yokungenisa kunye nemisebenzi enxulumene nokuhamba ngaphandle kwe-inshurensi, ehlala ikhethwa. Ngaloo ndlela, oku kuthetha ukuba zonke iintlawulo ezinxulumene nokulawula imingcipheko kunye nokuxhasa ngemali imisebenzi yokukhutshwa kwamanye amazwe, njengemirhumo yokungenisa elizweni kunye neerhafu ziphantsi koxanduva lomthengi ngokupheleleyo.

Kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuba nangona kunjalo, nangona ugxininiso oluphindaphindiweyo lokubaluleka kwendawo yokulayisha lubonisa utshintsho lomngcipheko kunye noxanduva lweendleko ukusuka kumthengisi ukuya kumthengi, kukho iimeko ezithile apho umthengi usenokuthwala uxanduva ngayo nayiphi na ilahleko okanye umonakalo nokuba iimpahla azilayishwanga, ukuqala ngomhla ocetywayo wokuthumela okanye umhla wokuthuthwa oceliweyo, ezi ziquka:

I-1) Kwimeko apho umthengi ehluleka ukubonelela ngeenkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ezifana negama lenqanawa, indawo yokulayisha, kunye nomhla wokuhanjiswa, okuyimfuneko yokucwangcisa ukulayishwa kwempahla ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

I-2) Kwimeko yezigqibo ezinxulumene nomthengi, ulwazi olunikeziweyo, okanye ukungabikho kwesaziso esaneleyo esithintela amandla omthengisi ukulayisha iimpahla okanye ukubangela ukulibaziseka, iindleko ezongezelelweyo, okanye ukulahleka kwexesha lokuthunyelwa kwenqanawa-njengokulibaziseka kwenqanawa okanye ukunqunyulwa kwempahla kwangaphambili ngenxa yemihla engalunganga enikezelwe ngumthengi.

Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-FOB kunye nokuqwalaselwa komthengi okuyimfuneko

Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kweFOB

Ngokuphathelele kwizicelo ezisebenzayo ngaphakathi kwishishini lokuthumela, umgaqo we-FOB, ngokwezikhokelo zokuqala ze-Incoterms 2020, "ayifanelekanga" kwimpahla ekufuneka iqale idluliselwe kumthwali ngaphambi kokuba ilayishwe kwinqanawa, njengaleyo ibandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwi-terminal ye-container. Oku kungenxa yokuba iimpahla ziqala ukupakishwa kwizikhongozeli ezikwinqanawa ethunyelwa ngenqanawa, zithuthwa zisiwe kwisikhululo sekhonteyina, kwaye ekugqibeleni zilayishwe kwiinqanawe ngabasebenzi beterminal.

Inkqubo enjalo yolungiselelo, ebandakanya abasebenzi betheminali endaweni yokuvumela abathengisi ukuba balayishe iimpahla ngokuthe ngqo ezinqanaweni, iyangqubana nexesha leFOB. Ngako oko, iimpahla ezifakwe kwikhonteyina zifaneleka ngcono kumthetho weFCA Incoterms njengoko ikwazi ukukhawulelana nesidingo sokutshintshelwa kweempahla kwiindawo ekuvunyelwene ngazo, kuqukwa netheminali yeekhonteyina.

Ngokwahlukileyo, i-FOB ilungele ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezinkulu ezinje ngeenkozo, ioyile, okanye amalahle, ahlala ahlelwa njenge “imithwalo eninzi” kwaye ziqhele ukuthunyelwa ngobuninzi bazo ngaphandle kokupakishwa okwahlukeneyo Nangona ezi ntlobo zemithwalo zinokuthuthwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nezikhongozeli ezikhethekileyo, zikholisa ukulayishwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiinqanawa ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokuthuthwa kwempahla.

Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko ye-FOB eqhelekileyo, umthengisi osuka e-Ningbo, e-China, ofuna ukuthumela i-bulk tea ye-green tea kumthengisi e-United States unokusebenzisa amagama e-FOB ukuhambisa kwi-port yase-Ningbo, ehambelana ne-bulk cargo nature yeti eluhlaza. Umthengisi uphatha zonke izinto zendawo kwindawo yemvelaphi, kule meko, i-Ningbo, kuquka ukuthutha iti kwiingxowa ezininzi kwi-port de zifakwe ngokukhuselekileyo kwinqanawa yempahla. Yonke imisebenzi yokuthumela ngaphandle kunye neentlawulo zokuphatha ukuya kuthi ga kwindawo yokulayisha nazo ziluxanduva lomthengisi.

Emva kokuba iti ilayishiwe kwinqanawa, uxanduva lutshintshela kumthengi wase-US. Ukusukela ngoku ukuya phambili, inkampani yase-US ithatha zonke iindleko kunye nemingcipheko, kubandakanya uthutho lwaselwandle, imisebenzi yokungenisa elizweni esebenzayo, kunye ne-inshurensi ukuba kuyimfuneko. Ulungiselelo olunjalo luvumela bobabini umthengisi kunye nomthengi ukuba baxhamle kwindlela yokudlulisa ingozi ecacileyo kwindawo yokulayisha- eyona nto ibalulekileyo yomgaqo we-FOB onceda ukwenza lula ukuthunyelwa kwenqanawa kumazwe ngamazwe.

Iingqwalasela zomthengi ezibalulekileyo

Ngokusisiseko, xa kucingwa ukuba kuqhutywe nomgaqo we-FOB, abathengi kufuneka bavavanye izinto ezimbini eziphambili: iintlobo zeempahla ezithunyelwayo kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukulawula ukulayishwa ngokuthe ngqo kwempahla.

Uhlobo lweempahla ezithunyelwayo luqwalaselo olubalulekileyo kuba lumisela ukuba imiqathango ye-FOB ifanelekile na ukuseka inkqubo yokuthumela ngenqanawa ecacileyo nesebenzayo. Impahla kufuneka iwele kwiindidi ezinokulayishwa ngokuthe ngqo enqanaweni ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokuthuthwa kwempahla, efana nomthwalo omninzi njengeemveliso ezahlukeneyo.

Nje ukuba abathengi bafumanise ukuba iimpahla zikulungele ukuthunyelwa phantsi kwemiqathango yeFOB, kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba banakho ukulawula okanye ukongamela inkqubo yokulayisha ngokuthe ngqo kunye nothutho olulandelayo. Esi sikhundla sibalulekile, njengoko simisela ubuchule babo ekusingatheni umngcipheko kunye nenkqubo yokudluliselwa koxanduva okwenzeka kwindawo yokulayisha.

Ngokubanzi, iFOB Incoterms ixhobisa abathengi ngolawulo oluthe kratya kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuthumela ngenqanawa xa iimpahla zilayishiwe, njengoko benokukhetha abathumeli babo bempahla kwaye banokuthethathethana ukuze bafumane amaxabiso angcono. Oku kukwabavumela ukuba baphuhlise izicwangciso zolawulo lomngcipheko ezilungiselelweyo kunye ne-inshorensi yokuhlawula ukufikelela kwiindleko ezingaphezulu.

Indlela elungeleleneyo

Ngamafutshane, umthetho we-FOB Incoterms umele indlela elungeleleneyo phakathi komthengisi nomthengi. Iqela ngalinye lijongana nemisebenzi yalo echongiweyo kunye neendleko ezinxulumene nokuthunyelwa kwindawo yemvelaphi kunye nothutho olulandelayo ukusuka kwinqanawa elayishiweyo, egubungela ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kunye nokukhutshwa kwempahla kwiindawo zabo.

Xa kuqwalaselwa iFOB njengeyona ikhethwayo Incoterms umthetho ukuququzelela ukusebenzelana nomthengisi, umthengi kufuneka athathele ingqalelo iintlobo zeempahla ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka ukulayishwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiinqanawa, ngaphezulu kokuvavanya ubuchule babo bokulawula inkqubo yokulayisha ngokuthe ngqo.

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