Isiqulatho
● Intshayelelo
● Isishwankathelo semarike
● Iindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu zazo
● Izinto ekufuneka uziqwalasele xa ukhetha iinjini zamaphenyane
● Umqukumbelo
intshayelelo
Injini yephenyane elungileyo ibalulekile ekufezekiseni ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha. Ukuqonda iintsingiselo zemarike, iintlobo zeenjini, kunye neempawu zazo ezithile kubalulekile ekwenzeni isigqibo esinolwazi. Imarike yeenjini zaselwandle ibandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenjini, nganye ineengenelo ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa okwahlukileyo. Nokuba isikhephe senzelwe imisebenzi yokuzonwabisa, imidlalo yasemanzini, okanye iinjongo zorhwebo, ukuqwalasela imiba ephambili efana namandla ehashe, ukusetyenziswa okucetywayo, kunye neemfuno zokuyigcina iqinisekisa ukukhethwa kweyona injini ifanelekileyo. Ukongeza, ukuvavanya izibonelelo zeenjini ezinkulu, ukubaluleka kokuthelekisa amandla enjini kubunzima besikhephe, kunye nomahluko phakathi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuhanjiswa kwamafutha yingqwalasela ebalulekileyo. Inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo ikwabandakanya ukuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha, ukusebenza ngokubanzi, kunye nokuthembeka kwexesha elide ukunyusa amava okuhamba ngephenyane kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle emanzini. Ukuqonda le miba kunceda ekuhambeni ubunzima bokukhetha injini, ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekusebenzeni okungcono kunye nokuphila ixesha elide lomkhumbi.
ubenemboniselo Market
Imakethi ye-injini yaselwandle yehlabathi ixabisa i-11.62 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2020 kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba ifikelele kwi-18.09 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2030, ibhalisa inqanaba lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiweyo (CAGR) le-4.7% ukusuka ngo-2021 ukuya ku-2030, ngokutsho koPhando lweMarike eManyeneyo. Oku kukhula kuphenjelelwa kukwanda kothutho lothutho lwaselwandle lwamazwe ngamazwe, imfuno ephezulu yeenjini zaselwandle ezinamacala amabini, kunye nokwandiswa kwemidlalo yasemanzini nemisebenzi yolonwabo. Ummandla weAsia-Pacific ulawula imarike, ulandelwa yiYurophu, uMntla Merika, kunye nemimandla yaseLatin America, kuMbindi Mpuma, kunye neAfrika (LAMEA). Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yolwakhiwo lweenqanawa kumazwe afana neTshayina, iIndiya, neJapan anegalelo elikhulu kolu lwando. Ukongeza, ngokweNkomfa yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kuRhwebo kunye noPhuhliso (UNCTAD), umthamo worhwebo olwandle lwamazwe ngamazwe ufikelele kwi-10.7 yeetoni zeebhiliyoni ngo-2020, ukunyusa ngakumbi imfuno yeenjini zaselwandle. Ukonyuka kurhwebo lwaselwandle lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokwanda kwemfuno yothutho lwempahla yaselwandle kukhokelele ekunyukeni kwemveliso kunye nokuthengiswa kweenjini zaselwandle, okuqhubela ukukhula okuqinileyo kwemarike.
Inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji ilungisa ngokuphawulekayo imarike yeenjini zaselwandle. Izinto ezintsha ezifana neenjini ezimbini zepetroli, ezinokusebenza kuzo zombini izibaso zegesi kunye nezolwelo, ziya zithandwa kakhulu ngenxa yeenzuzo zazo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko. Umzekelo, iCandelo loomatshini be-Injini ye-Hyundai Heavy Industries isandula uku-odola iinjini ze-ME-GA ezinesantya esisezantsi ukuze zihlangabezane nemfuno ekhulayo. Ukongeza, kukho intsingiselo ephawulekayo ebhekiselele ekwamkelweni kombane opheleleyo kunye neenkqubo ze-hybrid propulsion, eziqhutywa yimithetho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo kunye nesigunyaziso se-International Maritime Organisation (IMO) 2020, esinciphisa isiqulatho sesulfure kumafutha aselwandle. NgokoMbutho weNtsebenziswano yoQoqosho noPhuhliso (OECD), ngowama-2030, i-70% yempahla epheleleyo iya kuthuthwa ngeendlela zaselwandle. Ukhetho lwabathengi lukwatshintshela kwiinjini zaselwandle ezizinzileyo neziyonga amafutha, eziphembelela iintshukumo zentengiso kwaye zikhuthaza ukuqhubela phambili kubuchwepheshe benjini. Lo mkhwa wokwenza izinto ezintsha kunye nokuzinza kulindeleke ukuba uqhubeke nokubumba imakethi yeenjini zaselwandle kwiminyaka ezayo.
Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu zazo
Iinjini zangaphandle
Iinjini ze-outboard zixhonywe kwi-transom, ngaphandle kwe-hull yesikhephe. Ezi njini ziyakwazi ukulawuleka kwaye kulula ukuzigcina, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zilungele izikhephe ezincinci ukuya kweziphakathi. Ngokutsho kwe-Louisiana Cat, ii-injini zangaphandle ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwizicelo apho ukuguquguquka kunye nokulula ukuphatha kubalulekile. Ngokuqhelekileyo baqeshelwe ukuzonwabisa ngamaphenyane, ukuloba, kunye nemisebenzi yorhwebo oluncinane. Ukubekwa kwazo kuvumela ukuqhutywa lula ngokuhambisa yonke iyunithi ye-injini, enokulawulwa nokuba yi-hand tiller okanye ivili lokuqhuba, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bephenyane. Ii-injini ziiyunithi ezizimeleyo eziquka i-injini, i-gearbox, kunye ne-propeller kwi-package enye, eyenza lula ukugcinwa nokulungiswa. Ii-injini ze-outboard zikwathandwa ngenxa yokukwazi ukuthambeka ngaphandle kwamanzi ukunqanda ukungcoliswa kunye nokunciphisa ukutsaleka xa isikhephe singasetyenziswa.
Iinjini zangaphakathi
Ii-injini ze-inboard zifakwe ngaphakathi kwi-hull yesikhephe kwaye zihlala zifumaneka kwiinqanawa ezinkulu kunye nezo zisetyenziselwa imidlalo yasemanzini. Ezi njini zibonelela ngokusabalalisa ubunzima obungcono kunye nokusebenza okuthe cwaka xa kuthelekiswa neenjini zangaphandle. Njengoko kuphawuliwe yi-Louisiana Cat, ii-injini ze-inboard zidla ngokulungiswa iinjini zeemoto ezenzelwe ukusetyenziswa elwandle, ezinepropeller eqhagamshelwe kwi-drive shaft. Ukuqhuba isikhephe kuphunyezwa kusetyenziswa amaphini okujika abekwe emva kwepropeller, ebonelela ngokuphucuka kozinzo kunye nokusebenza, ngakumbi ngesantya esiphezulu naphantsi kweemeko zomthwalo. Ii-injini zangaphakathi ziyaziwa ngokuqina namandla azo, nto leyo ezenza zilungele izikhephe ezifuna amandla angakumbi ehashe. Zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizicelo apho amandla okutsala ayimfuneko, anje nge-wakeboarding kunye ne-waterskiing. Ukongeza, ii-injini zangaphakathi azibonakali kancinci kwizinto ezinokuthi zandise ubomi bazo kwaye zinciphise iimfuno zokulondolozwa.
Iinjini zeSterdrive
Iinjini ze-Sterndrive, ezikwaziwa ngokuba zii-injini ze-inboard-outboard, zidibanisa iimpawu zazo zombini ii-injini zangaphakathi nezingaphandle. Zixhonywe ngaphakathi kwi-hull yesikhephe njengeenjini zangaphakathi kodwa zineyunithi yokuqhuba ephumela ngaphandle kwe-hull yokuqhuba, efana neenjini zangaphandle. Olu lungelelwaniso lubonelela ngokusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokuqhuba okulula, okwenza iinjini ze-sterdrive zidume kwizikhephe zolonwabo kunye nezikhephe zezemidlalo. NgokukaLouisiana Cat, olu hlobo lwe-injini lubonelela ngokuthembeka kunye namandla eenjini zangaphakathi ngelixa zigcina ukulawuleka kweeyunithi ezingaphandle, zizenza ziguquguquke kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yaselwandle. I-Sterndrives isoloko ikhethwa ngenxa yoyilo lwazo kunye nokukwazi ukubonelela nge-transom ecacileyo, enenzuzo kwimisebenzi efana nokubhukuda kunye nokuloba. Ezi njini ziqhele ukuzola kwaye zisebenza kakuhle kuneebhodi zangaphandle, kwaye indawo yazo esezantsi yomxhuzulane iphucula indlela isikhephe esisebenza ngayo kunye nokuzinza kumanzi arhabaxa.
Iinjini zokuqhuba iJet
Iinjini zeJet drive zisebenzisa ijethi yamanzi, ukutsala amanzi kunye nokuwakhupha ngesantya esiphezulu ukuqhubela phambili kunye nokuqhuba isikhephe. Ezi njini zifanelekile kumanzi angekho nzulu kunye neenqwelo zamanzi zomntu, zibonelela nge-maneuverability ephezulu ngaphandle komngcipheko womonakalo kwimiqobo ephantsi kwamanzi. Ii-injini zokuqhuba i-Jet azinayo i-propeller eveziweyo, ephakamisa ukhuseleko kwaye ivumela ukusebenza kwindawo apho izikhephe zemveli eziqhutywa yi-propeller zinokusokola. NgokukaLouisiana Cat, olu hlobo lokuqhubela phambili lusebenza ngokukodwa kwimisebenzi yokuzonwabisa, imisebenzi yokuhlangula, kunye neendawo ezifuna ubuchule obuchanekileyo bokulawula. Ii-Jet drives zaziwa ngokukwazi kwazo ukusebenza kumanzi angekho nzulu kakhulu, njengoko zingenazo iindawo ezinabela ngaphantsi kwe-hull yesikhephe. Oku kubenza babe lukhetho oludumileyo lokubaleka emfuleni, ukutyibilika kwejethi, kunye nokuhamba ngenqanawa kwiindawo ezineengozi eziphantsi kwamanzi. Ukongeza, ii-jet drives zibonelela ngokukhawulezisa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zinokuphendula ngakumbi kuneenkqubo zepropeller zemveli.
Iinkqubo zokuqhuba idizili
Ngelixa kuxoxwa ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenjini zamaphenyane, kubalulekile ukuqaqambisa iinkqubo zokuqhuba idizili, eziqhele ukusetyenziselwa ukusebenza kakuhle namandla azo. Iinjini ze-diesel zingafumaneka kuzo zombini-i-stroke kunye ne-four-stroke configurations, ukubonelela ngokusebenza okuthembekileyo kwizicelo zorhwebo kunye nezinzima. Iinkqubo ze-diesel-electric propulsion systems, ezisebenzisa indibaniselwano yeenjini zedizili kunye neejenereyitha zombane, nazo zizuza ukuthandwa ngokusebenza kwazo kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi. Ngokutsho kwe-Louisiana Cat, iinkqubo ze-diesel propulsion lukhetho oluphezulu kwiinqanawa ezinkulu, ezinikezela ukulingana kwamandla, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha, kunye nokuphila ixesha elide, okubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwexesha elide elwandle. Ezi nkqubo zixabiswa ngokukodwa kwiinqanawa zorhwebo, apho ukusebenza kakuhle kunye neendleko eziphantsi zepetroli zibaluleke kakhulu. Iinjini ze-diesel zikwakhethwa kwiimeko apho i-torque ephezulu kunye neeyure zokusebenza ezongeziweyo ziyimfuneko, njengakwiinqanawa zokuloba, iinqanawa zemithwalo, kunye nezikhitshane zabakhweli. Ukongeza, ukuhambela phambili kobuchwephesha bedizili kukhokelele ekubeni iinjini zicoceke kwaye zikhuseleke ngakumbi kokusingqongileyo, zincede ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yokukhupha izinto.
Izinto ekufuneka uziqwalasele xa ukhetha iinjini zamaphenyane
Amandla ehashe kunye nokusebenza
Ukuthelekisa amandla e-injini kubunzima besikhephe kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokupheleleyo. Umlinganiselo wamandla ehashe ukuya kubunzima bumisela ukuba isikhephe sinokukhawulezisa kangakanani kwaye sigcine isantya. Ngokutsho kweKati yaseLouisiana, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ube namandla ehashe elinye kuwo onke ama-25 ukuya kuma-40 eeponti zobunzima besikhephe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba isikhephe sinokufikelela kwisantya esifunekayo ngaphandle kokutsala injini. Ubungakanani benjini buchaphazela kakhulu isantya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamafutha. Iinjini ezinkulu zihlala zibonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha, njengoko kungafuneki ukuba zisebenze ngokuzeleyo rhoqo. Kwelinye icala, i-injini engaphantsi kobukhulu kunokufuneka isebenze nzima, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusetyenzisweni okuphezulu kwepetroli kunye nemiba enokubakho ngoomatshini.
Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa
Injongo yokusetyenziswa kwesikhephe yeyona nto iphambili ekukhetheni injini. Izikhephe ezisetyenziselwa ulonwabo zinokubeka phambili iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zenjini xa kuthelekiswa nezo zisetyenziselwa iinjongo zorhwebo. Umzekelo, abathanda imidlalo yamanzi bahlala befuna ii-injini ezinetorque ephezulu kunye nokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa iinqanawa zorhwebo zinokufuna iinjini ezinikezela ngokuthembeka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ixesha elide. Ukongeza, umkhweli kunye nomthamo womthwalo kufuneka uqwalaselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba injini inokusingatha umthwalo oqhelekileyo. Ngokutsho kwe-UTI, ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwesikhephe kunceda ekukhetheni injini enika amandla ayimfuneko kunye nokusebenza kwimisebenzi ethile.
Ubungakanani beNjini kunye nokuSebenza kweFuel
Ukukhetha phakathi kweenjini ezinkulu nezincinci kubandakanya ukuvavanya iingenelo zesantya, ukuphatha, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha. Iinjini ezinkulu zibonelela ngokuphathwa okungcono kunye nezantya eziphezulu, ngakumbi kwizantya zemidrange. Bakwathanda ukonga i-fuel ngakumbi kuba banokugcina ukusebenza ngaphandle kokubaleka kumthamo omkhulu. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuhanjiswa kwepetroli, ezifana nenaliti ye-fuel ngqo, inaliti ye-elektroniki ye-fuel, kunye neenkqubo ze-carbureted, nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwamafutha kunye nokusebenza kwe-injini. Ngokutsho kwe-UTI, inaliti ye-fuel ethe ngqo kunye neenkqubo zokutofa kwe-elektroniki zibonelela ngoqoqosho oluphezulu lwamafutha kunye nokukhutshwa okuphantsi xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ze-carbureted, ezinokuba neendleko eziphezulu zokuqala kodwa ukusebenza kancinci.
Ukugcinwa kunye noKuhlala ixesha elide
Ukugqiba ekubeni uyakha okanye uyitshintshe injini ixhomekeke kwizinto eziliqela, kuquka iindleko, ixesha, kunye nophuculo olufunekayo. Ukwakha kwakhona i-injini kudla ngokungabizi kakhulu kunokuyitshintsha ngokupheleleyo kwaye kunokwandisa ubomi be-injini. Nangona kunjalo, ukutshintshwa kusenokuba luncedo ngakumbi ukuba i-injini ifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo okanye ukuba iimodeli ezintsha zibonelela ngokuphucuka komgangatho wokusebenza okanye ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha. Ngokutsho kwe-Louisiana Cat, injini egcinwe kakuhle exhaswa yinkxaso yomenzi othembekileyo kunye newaranti inokunyusa ukuqina kunye nokuthembeka, ukuqinisekisa ukwaneliseka kwexesha elide. Inkxaso yomvelisi ibalulekile ekufumaneni iinxalenye zokwenyani kunye nenkonzo yobuchwephesha, enokuchaphazela kakhulu ixesha lokusebenza kwe-injini.
Ukuthembeka kunye neNkxaso
Ukubaluleka kokukhetha iinjini ezinenkxaso yomenzi olungileyo akunakugqithiswa. Inkxaso ethembekileyo iqinisekisa ukufikelela kwiindawo eziyimfuneko kunye neenkonzo zokugcinwa kweengcali, ezinokukunceda ukukhusela ixesha lokuphumla kunye nokwandisa ubomi benjini. Ngokutsho kwe-Louisiana Cat, iinjini ezivela kubavelisi abahloniphekileyo zihlala ziza kunye neziqinisekiso kunye neenkonzo zenkxaso ezibonelela ngoxolo lwengqondo kunye nokukhusela utyalo-mali. Ukongezelela, abavelisi ababonelela ngeenkonzo zenkxaso ezibanzi, kubandakanywa ukulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokugcinwa kwesiqhelo, kunokunceda ukugcina isikhephe sisebenza kunye nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka. Ukuqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwenkxaso kunye neenxalenye kubalulekile ukugcina ukusebenza kwe-injini kunye nokuthembeka ekuhambeni kwexesha.
isiphelo
Ukukhetha i-injini yesikhephe esifanelekileyo kubandakanya ukuqonda iintsingiselo zemarike, iintlobo zeenjini, kunye neemfuno ezithile. Oku kufuna uphononongo olucokisekileyo lophuhliso lwangoku loshishino, olufana nenkqubela phambili kubuchwepheshe benjini kunye notshintsho kwimigangatho yolawulo. Ukongeza, ukuthathela ingqalelo izinto ezifana namandla ehashe kunye ne-horsepower-to-weight ratio kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba injini inamandla ngokwaneleyo kubungakanani besikhephe kunye nokusetyenziswa okucetywayo. Umzekelo, isikhephe esisetyenziselwa imidlalo yamanzi sinokufuna injini enetorque ephezulu kunye nokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa inqanawa yorhwebo inokubeka phambili ukuthembeka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha kumgama omde. Ukuqonda ezi nkcukacha kunceda ekukhetheni i-injini engafezekisiyo kuphela ulindelo lokusebenza kodwa iphucula amava okuhamba ngesikhephe ngokubanzi.
Le ndlela ibanzi ivumela izigqibo ezinolwazi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba injini ekhethiweyo inika amandla ayimfuneko, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokuthembeka kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokukhwela amaphenyane. Ngokulungelelanisa amandla enjini kunye neemfuno zokusebenza kwephenyane, abanini banokwenza isantya esiphezulu, ukusibamba, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwepetroli. Ukongezelela, ukuqwalasela iimfuno zokugcina kunye nokufumaneka kwenkxaso yomenzi kubalulekile ukwaneliseka kwexesha elide kunye nokuqina. I-injini egcinwe kakuhle, exhaswa yinkonzo ethembekileyo kunye neengxenye zangempela, inokwandisa kakhulu ixesha lokuphila kwesikhephe, siqinisekise ukuba sihlala sisebenza kwaye sisebenza kakuhle kwiminyaka ezayo.
