Ukujongwa kwiintsingiselo zangoku kunye nemiba yobonelelo lwecandelo leemoto
Imoto ye-Atypical inokuthi iqulethe nantoni na phakathi kwe-15,000 kunye ne-25,000 yecandelo lamacandelo - kuxhomekeke kwindlela ezilinganiswa ngayo kunye nobunjineli boyilo lweenkqubo zayo ezinkulu. Leyo yinto eninzi yokudibanisa kunye nokubonelela ngengqibelelo kwimveliso yokugqibela. Ngokwenene, akuyonto imbi ukuhlanganisa onke la malungu ngolungelelwano olufanelekileyo. Yonke imoto ekhoyo inika imbeko kucwangciso lwenkqubo, umbutho, ubunjineli bemveliso kunye nolungiselelo lokwenziwa kwemveliso. Kudala, abavelisi bezithuthi babedityaniswe ngokuthe nkqo, kodwa loo ndlela yanikezela indlela yokutsalwa (nabani na okhumbulayo ukuba ivela phi iVisteon kunye newebhu ephothiweyo yeenkampani eziquka iGeneral Motors 'Automotive Components Group?)
Izihlanganisi zeenkqubo zeTier 1 ezinkulu zibonelela ngokuthe ngqo kubenzi bezithuthi, rhoqo ukusuka kwiipaki zabathengisi ezibekwe ngokufanelekileyo kufutshane nendibano yezithuthi kunye nezixhobo zokuvelisa, kodwa kukho amanqanaba amaninzi ababoneleli abancinci abangaphantsi kwenqanaba eliphezulu - ngalinye liqhuba iindima ezibalulekileyo kwindlela ende ukusuka kwimathiriyeli ekrwada ukuya kwimveliso egqityiweyo.
Ukufunwa kwecandelo lamazwe ngamazwe kuyindlela esemgangathweni yokusebenza kwishishini kumashumi amaninzi eminyaka njengoko ii-OEM kunye nababoneleli abakhulu baye bafuna ukuthenga kurhwebo lwehlabathi ukuze bafumane iinxalenye kunye nezinto eziluncedo ezihlangabezana nemigangatho eyimfuneko ngexabiso eliphantsi. Imigama (kunye neendleko) zothutho kunye namalungiselelo okugcinwa kwempahla kwakhona yinxalenye yomfanekiso, kodwa impumelelo ephezulu kunye nenkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe ekuthuthweni kwempahla ngenqanawa kumazwe ngamazwe kuxhase ukukhula okumangalisayo kwiinxalenye zamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukukhula komzi mveliso wezithuthi waseTshayina kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo kube ngumba omkhulu ekufumaneni izinto zezithuthi kwihlabathi jikelele, ngakumbi izinto ezinokubizwa ngokuba ziindawo zendalo yonke okanye ezithengiswayo ezithengisa kakhulu ngexabiso lexabiso. Ababoneleli baseTshayina baxhamle kwiikhontrakthi ezinkulu zasekhaya eziphakamisa uqoqosho lwesikali kunye nenkxaso-mali efihliweyo evela kwizakhiwo zobunini ezintsonkothileyo ezibandakanya abazali be-OEM, amashishini karhulumente kunye nezabelo zamashishini ezahlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni koo-2000, abenzi bezithuthi base-US, ngokukodwa, baye bafumana iindawo ezinexabiso eliphantsi ukusuka e-Asiya, kwinkqubo yokujongela phantsi ezinye iinkampani ezinde ezisele zisekiwe kwisiseko sabaxhasi base-US.
Kwihlabathi liphela, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe luhamba ngeemveliso zeemoto - zombini iimoto ezigqityiweyo kunye nenxalenye yecandelo - ngoku zinkulu. Uqikelelo luqulunqwe ngu GlobalData bonisa iJamani njengeyona iphambili kwihlabathi malunga nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweemveliso zoshishino lweemoto. Ezo mpahla zithunyelwa ngaphandle ziboniswa kuthunyelo kumazwe angaphandle kunye newebhu ephitheneyo yempahla ephakathi esetyenziswa njengegalelo kwiinkqubo zamacandelo asulungekileyo kunye nenjineli kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo enkqubo yokwenziwa kwemveliso kwaye inokuthunyelwa kwimida yamazwe ngamazwe amaxesha amaninzi.
Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lolwakhiwo kunikezelo lwekhonkco kwishishini lezithuthi kukubaluleka kwefilosofi yolawulo lwekhonkco lonikezelo olucutha iindleko ze-inventri kwaye luphucule impumelelo yenkqubo kunye nengxelo yonxibelelwano olungena kwimigangatho eyomeleziweyo yomgangatho. Eyaziwa ngokuba 'yimveliso engenamandla', yaqala ngeToyota kwaye intsingiselo yayo ifakwe ligama elithi 'ngexesha nje' ukuchaza iindlela zobonelelo olubhityileyo kunye nemigaqo. Ukunyuka kobuchwepheshe bedijithali kunye nonxibelelwano oludibanisa zonke iinxalenye zenkqubo yokuvelisa kunye nokuthengisa ziye zaxhasa ngakumbi ezi ndlela zokusebenza kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo okanye kunjalo.
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, iintlekele zendalo kunye neempembelelo zazo ezigxininisiweyo kwiindawo ziye zachaphazela iinkampani zeemoto kwaye zabonisa ubuthathaka bokubonelela ngeemoto. Emva kwenyikima ka-2011 kunye netsunami eJapan, kukho imizekelo emininzi ephawulekayo yokuphazamiseka. Umenzi wemoto yepremiyamu yehlabathi jikelele waba neengxaki malunga nokubonelela okanye ipeyinti yepeyinti ebomvu efunyenwe eJapan. Izikhukula eThailand kamva kulo nyaka zabangela ukunqongophala konikezelo lwezikrini ze-LCD zokubonisa ulwazi lwezithuthi. Ii-OEM kunye nabathengisi kuye kwafuneka bahlengahlengise ukunqongophala ngokufanelekileyo. Imfazwe e-Ukraine ibonisa indlela iziganeko ezingalindelekanga ze-geopolitical ezinokuphazamisa ngayo imixokelelwane yokubonelela, nayo.
Umngeni wesemiconductor
Zonke iinkampani zachatshazelwa kakubi ngokuthe ngqo yingxaki yezempilo yoluntu ka-2020 kwaye ngokungangqalanga ziziphumo ezininzi ngakumbi kubonelelo lwehlabathi. Ngaphaya koko, ukubuyiswa kweentengiso zehlabathi ngo-2021 kwaphazamiseka kakhulu sisiphumo esingalindelekanga sengxaki ye-Covid kunyaka ongaphambili. Njengoko abenzi bezithuthi bavala iifektri phantsi kweodolo karhulumente kwaye banciphisa kakhulu kwii-odolo zamacandelo ngo-2020, abavelisi bee-semiconductors bafumana elinye ishishini eliza kufunyanwa kwiindawo ezinje nge-elektroniki yabathengi.
Xa kuphinda kufumaneke izityalo zemoto zonyuse iiodolo zazo zetshiphusi kwikota yokuqala ka-2021, ingxaki yobonelelo oluqinileyo yabonakala ngokukhawuleza.
Ukunqongophala kweSemiconductor bekungayi koyiswa lula ngenxa yamaxesha amade okukhokelela ekongezeni umthamo we-chip Foundry phezulu. Inxalenye engekhoyo ebaluleke ngokhuseleko okanye ngenye indlela ebonwa iyimfuneko kwimveliso egqityiweyo ithetha ukuba imigca ethile yemodeli ichaphazeleke kakhulu kuneminye. Abenzi beenqwelo-mafutha banokuwuxuba umxube wemarike kwezinye iimeko, kodwa isaci sakudala sasisenzeka kwakhona: Amatyathanga obonelelo alungile kuphela/omelele njengeyona ndawo yawo ibuthathaka.
Kulo lonke ishishini, iindlela zokuthengwa kwempahla kunye neenkqubo ziphantsi koqwalaselo ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela kwakhona ukuba kukho i-structural element emsebenzini ethetha ukuba ezinye ii-semiconductor zoxinzelelo zobonelelo zisenokuthi zihlale zisemngciphekweni kwixesha elizayo: umxholo we-elektroniki wezithuthi uyenyuka ngenxa yokunyuka okuhlala kunyuka kweempawu zobuchwepheshe ezintsonkothileyo. Oku kwenza ukuba ezinye iinkampani zifudukele kubudlelwane obucwangcisiweyo kunye nabenzi beetshiphusi. Ayipheleli nje ekuncedeni ukukhusela unikezelo lwexesha elizayo lwee-microprocessors ezibalulekileyo, kodwa inokuphinda iququzelele ubudlelwane obunentsebenziswano bophuhliso lwemveliso yexesha elizayo kwinto ecacayo yinxalenye yecandelo elixabisekileyo.
Olunye uxinzelelo kumakhonkco obonelelo luvela kweminye imithombo enjengokunqongophala kwabasebenzi okungalindelekanga kunye namaxabiso aphezulu okuthunyelwa kweekhonteyina zamazwe ngamazwe njengoko amaxabiso amandla enyuka.
Ingxoxo-mpikiswano echasene nemithombo emininzi
Ubuthathaka kumakhonkco obonelelo ngeenqwelo-mafutha buza nokuxhaphaka kwamanqanaba amaninzi, ukuqukuqela kwemithombo yamazwe ngamazwe kunye notyekelo lokufumana indawo enye ukunyusa uqoqosho lweenkqubo zezithuthi zehlabathi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, olu lwakhiwo lwemveli lukwamiliselwe kwaye lumiliselwe kwinkcubeko yamaqabane akhethwayo kuwo onke amanqanaba obonelelo. I-advantes ingabandakanya iinkqubo ekwabelwana ngazo kunye neendleko zolungiselelo, kunye neendleko ezisasazwa kuzo zonke ezinye iimodeli kunye neenkqubo.
Itekhnoloji iphinde yadlala indima ekukhuthazeni ukufumana into enye njengoko iinkampani - kuqukwa nezo zikwinqanaba lesi-3 nelesi-4 - zikwazile ukubeka kumbindi ubuchule notyalo-mali kwiziko elinye elizinikele kwimveliso ephezulu. Iingxaki ziza xa kukho into engahambi kakuhle ukuba i-scuppers iceba (umlilo kwi-Renesas microprocessors plant kunyaka ophelileyo, umzekelo).
I-electronics kunye ne-sensors yimizekelo yamacandelo abalulekileyo kwii-sub-assemblies ezinokuthi zibe nempembelelo enkulu ezantsi kwimveliso yemoto ukuba kukho ukuphazamiseka phezulu. Ukufumana abanye ababoneleli ngomthamo osecaleni ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu ngumngeni omkhulu.
Ukubamba amanye amalungu esitokhweni kuza neendleko kwaye kuchasene nemigaqo ekhokelayo yokwenziwa kwemveliso ebhityileyo. Isigqibo sinokuthathwa, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukufunxa okanye ukucinywa naziphi na iindleko zokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle njengoko kwaye xa zisenzeka - ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bovavanyo lomngcipheko.
Amava ale minyaka yakutsha nje abonisa ukuba iinkampani ziya ziwubuza umbuzo wokuba ingaba ukucula kufunwa na njengoko kwakunjalo ngaphambili. Ihlabathi elithwaxwa yimingcipheko ephezulu kunye nokungaqiniseki mhlawumbi lifuna ukusetwa ngokutsha kwindlela elisebenza ngayo. Uphinda-phindo phakathi kwekhonkco lobonelelo, nokuba kuthetha ukusondela ekwabelaneni nomntu okhuphisana naye, kunokubonelela ngesisombululo esingcono - ubuncinci kumacandelo athile - kunokukhangela okukodwa. Ukhuseleko olukhulu lwemveliso luya kuba yinzuzo yokufumana izinto ezimbini. Njengangaphambili, ngumbuzo weendleko zizonke.
Ukufakelwa kombane kunye neepateni ezintsha zekhonkco lonikezelo
Ukufakelwa kombane kuzisa imingeni emitsha kumakhonkco obonelelo ngekamva kwiimoto. Ii-OEMs ziye zajongana nokungaqiniseki okukhulu malunga nonikezelo lwamacandelo amatsha kunye angundoqo - ngakumbi ibhetri ye-powertrain - abazama ukuyisombulula. Kukwakho nemibuzo ecwangcisiweyo malunga nenqanaba lokudityaniswa ngokuthe nkqo okunqwenelekayo ukunciphisa imingcipheko yexesha elizayo kunye nokusebenzisa ulawulo kwimiba yorhwebo yolungiselelo lonikezelo. Amashishini adibeneyo kunye neengcali zebhetri amisiwe. Amanye amacandelo aphambili ezithuthi zombane-ezinje ngeenjini, iinxalenye zenkqubo yokuqhuba, ii-inverters zombane ophezulu - nazo ziya kuxhomekeka ekunyukeni kotyalo-mali ecaleni koqwalaselo lwesixokelelwano sobonelelo.
Iindlela zokufakelwa kombane zamabhongo ziya kubona imfuno yeeseli zebhetri ye-lithium-ion iphezulu. Abavelisi beebhetri kwihlabathi jikelele bazibophelela kubuchule bokwandisa iibhiliyoni zeedola, bavula 'ii-gigafactory' ezintsha zokubonelela ngeeseli kubenzi beemoto.
Omnye umzekelo ophawulekayo wentsebenziswano enzulu ye-OEM-Tier 1 kule ndawo ibonelelwa ngokusayinwa kwe-MoU phakathi kweVolkswagen neBosch. Ezi nkampani zimbini ziceba ukubonelela ngeenkqubo ezidibeneyo zokuvelisa ibhetri, kwi-site ramp-up, kunye nenkxaso yokugcinwa kwebhetri-cell kunye nabavelisi beenkqubo zebhetri. Aba bathi bajonge ubunkokheli beendleko kunye nobuchwephesha kwitekhnoloji yebhetri yomgangatho woshishino kunye nokuveliswa kwevolumu 'yeebhetri ezizinzileyo, eziphuma phambili'.
EYurophu kuphela, iQela leVolkswagen liceba ukwakha iifektri zeeseli ezintandathu ngo-2030 kwaye abanye abenzi bathatha amanyathelo afanayo ukukhusela ukunikezelwa kweeseli kunye neepakethi zebhetri kwixesha elizayo. Ummandla kufuneka ubone umthamo webhetri yonyaka uwonke malunga neeyure ezingama-700 zegigawatt ngo-2030.
Ukukhangela phezulu, iToyota yenze i-JV kunye nePanasonic (i-Prime Planet Energy & Solutions - i-PPES) esayine isivumelwano kunye ne-mining giant BHP yokunikezelwa kwe-nickel sulphate yexesha elizayo, isiseko se-nickel ekhoyo kwi-cathode yeeseli ezininzi ze-lithium-ion zebhetri. U-Tesla usayine isivumelwano esifanayo kunye ne-BHP, ebonisa ukuba izinto eziluhlaza nazo zininzi kumxube wokhuseleko lwexesha elizayo.
Ezi zivumelwano ziqaqambisa imfuneko yabadlali beemoto ukuba bajonge ngakumbi kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngebhetri, ukuqinisekisa ukuba banokufikelela kwimathiriyeli ekrwada eyaneleyo ukuze babonelele ngokukhula okukhulu okufunekayo kwicandelo lebhetri ye-lithium-ion kumaza amaza ebhetri asungulwayo kwiminyaka ezayo. Ukurisayikilishwa kwakhona kuyingqwalasela engundoqo kuninzi lwezivumelwano ezenziweyo.
I-Blockchain yokubonakala kwekhonkco lokubonelela
Ngokunyukayo, iinkampani zeemoto zisebenzisa itekhnoloji yebhloko ukufumana elubala kwimiba yokubonelela ngezinto ezifana nokukhutshwa kweCO2 kunye nomthombo we-cobalt yeebhetri (enokuthi ize nemibuzo yokuziphatha ejikeleze ukumbiwa kwezimbiwa ezixabisekileyo).
Ingcamango ye-blockchain yasekuqaleni, njengoko igama libonisa, luluhlu lweebhloko ezigxininisiweyo zexesha okanye iirekhodi (ibhloko = ulwazi lwedijithali; ikhonkco = i-database yoluntu / yoluntu). Iibhloko zigcina ulwazi malunga neentengiselwano. Xa ibhloko igcina idatha entsha - intengiselwano - yongezwa kwi-blockchain kwaye, xa iqinisekisiwe yinethiwekhi yontanga-ye-peer yeekhompyuter, nabani na unokuyibona (okanye inokuba phantsi kwemvume yenethiwekhi yabucala efana nekhonkco lokubonelela nge-OEM - 'incwadi esasazwayo').
Nangona kunjalo, onke amaqela anokufikelela kuphela kulwazi anemvume yokulubona. Ikhompyuter nganye kwinethiwekhi ye-blockchain inekopi yayo ye-blockchain. Ngokomgaqo nangona kunjalo, ingcamango kukudala inkqubo ecacileyo kakhulu kunye neendleko zentengiselwano zero phakathi kwamaqela amabini okwenza ibhloko.
Sinokulindela ukubona iinkampani ezininzi zeemoto zisebenzisa iinkqubo ze-blockchain - ngakumbi zodidi lweleja esasaziweyo (okt inethiwekhi yabucala) - njengendlela yokunciphisa umngcipheko 'wokuqhawula' isixokelelwano sonikezelo kunye nokuqonda amandla kunye nobuthathaka ecaleni kwekhonkco, kodwa kwakhona njengendlela yokubonisa iimfuno ezikhulayo zokuthotyelwa kwimimandla yolawulo efana nokuzinza.
Izifundo kwiToyota
IToyota ngokubanzi ijongwa njengomnye wabasebenzi abangcono kushishino lweemoto xa kufikwa kulawulo lwekhonkco lonikezelo. Kwakunye nokuba ngumsunguli weendlela zokuvelisa ezibhityileyo ezathi kamva zasasazwa ngowona msebenzi ubalaseleyo owamkelwa luninzi lwee-OEM kunye nababoneleli abaphambili, ikwasulungekile iinkqubo zayo kunye neenkqubo ngokweemeko eziguqukayo malunga nemilinganiselo yokunciphisa umngcipheko. Ngaphezu koko, isebenze ngokusondeleleneyo kakhulu nababoneleli bayo ngamaxesha kunye nakwiminqweno yeenjongo zecandelo elibanzi malunga neemeko zikaxakeka.
Emva kwenyikima yaseKyoto kunye netsunami ka-2011, iToyota yasebenza kunye nabanikezeli baseJapan ukuvelisa uvimba weenkcukacha obanzi wolwazi lwekhonkco lokubonelela ukuxhasa icandelo lemveliso laseJapan. I-Toyota yazisa isicwangciso-qhinga sokufumana iindawo ezininzi ezingundoqo nto leyo eya kuthetha ukuququzelela ubonelelo oluvela kwimithombo emithathu eyahlukeneyo – kodwa ngoyena mthengisi uphambili olungiselelwe ukwenza phantse isibini esithathwini somyalelo wokuqinisekisa uqoqosho. Ababoneleli abaninzi babeka esichengeni uqoqosho, kodwa kukwathetha ukuba ezinye iindlela zikhona ukuba kuyimfuneko.
I-Toyota nayo inenkqubo ephuhliswe kakuhle ekhoyo yokubeka iliso kuthungelwano olukhulu lwababoneleli kunye nenkqubo yokulumkisa kwangethuba malunga nokunqongophala. Ewe, ezinye iinkampani ziguqukela kwi-AI ukuze zivavanye uphuhliso kwiikhonkco zazo zokubonelela - nangona oko kuqikelelwa ekubeni nesiseko sedatha esithembekileyo, esibanzi nesineenkcukacha kwasekuqaleni.
Olunye ukhetho lweenkampani kukuqalisa ukugcina isitokhwe esingxamisekileyo okanye se-buffer samalungu abalulekileyo - ngakumbi ezo zinokubangela ukuba umgca wemveliso ume. Kwakhona, kubandakanya iindleko ezongezelelweyo zokugcina okanye zokugcina, kodwa ngumbuzo wokufowuna ukuba leliphi inqanaba leendleko okanye 'intlawulo ye-inshorensi' ekufanele ihlawulwe. Kwakhona, akuyi kuba sisisombululo esisisigxina. I-Toyota inokuba igcine ezinye ii-semiconductors, kodwa ubukhali bokunqongophala kweetshiphusi kwihlabathi bathetha ukuba, ekugqibeleni, nayo yanyanzeleka ukuba icuthe imveliso. Mhlawumbi esona sifundo sibalulekileyo esivela kwaToyota sisidingo sokuphononongwa rhoqo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha kweemeko kunye nokungaqiniseki.
Umthombo ovela Ngokuzenzekelayo nje
Ukuziphendulela: Ulwazi olubekwe ngasentla lunikezelwa ngu-just-auto.com ngaphandle kwe-Cooig.com. I-Cooig.com ayenzi lumelo kunye neziqinisekiso malunga nomgangatho kunye nokuthembeka komthengisi kunye neemveliso.
