Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ziye zasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizixhobo eziphathwayo ezifana neefowuni, iilaptops, kunye nezixhobo zombane eziphathwayo ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okubalaseleyo. Bathandwa ngenxa yoxinano lwamandla aphezulu, ubomi bomjikelo omde, inkumbulo encinci, kunye noyilo lobume obulawulekayo, kwaye indima abayidlalayo kubomi babantu ibaluleke kakhulu.
Akunjalo kuphela, kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ziye zaqatshelwa njengowona mthombo wamandla we-hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), i-plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, kunye nezithuthi zombane. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa zizisa uncedo olukhulu, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion nazo zizisa ezinye iingozi ezinokubakho, kwaye iingozi ezibangelwa kukutsha kunye nokuqhuma kwenzeka ngamanye amaxesha.
Njengoko iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zithatha indawo ebaluleke kakhulu ebomini babantu, ukusebenza kwazo ngokhuseleko kuye kwatsala ingqalelo engakumbi. Apha siza kuxoxa ukuba kutheni iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ziqhubeka zingomnye wemithombo yethu yamandla ethembekileyo kwaye kwenziwa ntoni ukuqinisekisa ukuba zihlala zikhuselekile.
Isiqulatho
Kutheni iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zibalulekile kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla
Imiba yokhuseleko lwebhetri yeLithium-ion
Isalathisi sokusebenza kwebhetri ye-lithium-ion
Izicwangciso zokuphucula ukhuseleko lwebhetri yeLithium-ion
Iingcebiso zokusetyenziswa kwebhetri kunye nokugcinwa kwazo
Kutheni iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zibalulekile kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla
Ukusukela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kunye nenkqubela phambili yenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe kunye nemfuneko yophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso, amandla ombane aye ayinto ebalulekileyo yamandla ebantwini. Kudala sifuna kwaye siphuhlise izixhobo ezinokugcina ngokufanelekileyo amandla ombane, ukuzama ii-capacitors, ukugcinwa kwamandla omoya ocinezelweyo, ukugcinwa kwamandla olwelo lomoya, njl. njl., ekugqibeleni sihlala kwiibhetri zeekhemikhali.
Ibhetri yokuqala yekhemikhali inokulandelwa emva kwibhetri ye-lead-asidi ngenkulungwane ye-19. Emva koko, emva kweminyaka engama-200 yophuhliso oluqhubekayo, ibhetri ye-lithium-ion yazalwa. Ngenxa yoxinano lwamandla aphezulu, ubomi bomjikelo ophezulu, ukungcoliseka kwendalo okuphantsi, kunye nezinye izinto, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zakhawuleza zaba yeyona bhetri isetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela.
Iibhetri zeLithium-ion ngoku zisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi kumandla, unxibelelwano, uphando lwezenzululwazi, i-aerospace, kunye namashishini asakhasayo. Ngokwezibalo, kwi-2016, i-lithium-ion yemakethe yebhetri ye-lithium-ion yayiyi-65.4GWh, kwaye kule minyaka mihlanu izayo, ikhule yafikelela kwi-324.0GWh ngo-2021. Phakathi kwe-2016 kunye ne-2020, isabelo semarike yehlabathi jikelele yeenkampani ze-lithium ze-lithium zenyuka ukusuka kwi-50% ukuya kwi-73%. Emva koko, ngenxa yempembelelo yobhubhane, yehla ukuya kuma-70%.
Imiba yokhuseleko lwebhetri yeLithium-ion
Iingozi kwinkqubo yemveliso
I-Lithium ineempawu zeekhemikhali ezisebenzayo kakhulu, ngoko ke kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, izinto ze-electrode kunye ne-electrolyte yeebhetri ze-lithium-ion njengoko ubushushu bangaphakathi bukhuphuka, bubeka ingozi yokhuseleko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo ye-electrolyte, ngenxa yokuba i-voltage ye-solvent decomposition ye-organic iphantsi, kulula ukuyi-oxidize, ibangela ukuba ibhetri ibambe umlilo okanye iqhume ukuba kukho ukuvuza. Ukongezelela, ukwakhiwa kwezinto ze-electrode kunye nokukhethwa kwe-diaphragm okanye i-electrolyte, njl., Kunokubangela iingxaki ezongezelelweyo zokhuseleko.
Imingcipheko yokhuseleko ngexesha lokusetyenziswa
Ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion nazo zibeka ingozi yokhuseleko. Umzekelo, ukutshaja okugqithisileyo kunye nokukhupha ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kungonakalisa ubume bebhetri, okukhokelela ekuvuzeni kwebhetri, imililo, kunye nezinye iingxaki. Nangona kunjalo, ngophuculo oluqhubekayo kunye nokuvuthwa kweteknoloji yolawulo lwebhetri (BMS) , ezi zinto zenziwa ngokungalindelekanga. Ukongezelela, xa ibhetri ye-lithium-ion igxininiswe, ihlanjwe, okanye ichaphazeleke, isakhiwo sangaphakathi sebhetri singonakaliswa, kubangele imiba efanayo.
Imingcipheko yokhuseleko ngexesha lokurisayikilisha
Ngokusetyenziswa okukhulu kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion, inani leebhetri ezidla umhlala-phantsi liyanda unyaka nonyaka. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokuphinda isetyenziswe iibhetri ezichithwayo, izinto ezinobuthi ezifana ne-cobalt kunye ne-nickel zinokuvuza kwiibhetri, zibeka ingozi kwindalo kunye nempilo yabantu. Ukuba ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi lwebhetri lunokonakala okanye amandla ombane ashiyekileyo akhululiwe, ithuba lomlilo liya kuba lula.
Isalathisi sokusebenza kwebhetri ye-lithium-ion
Apha ngezantsi, siza kujonga isalathiso sovandlakanyo lokhuseleko lweebhetri ze-lithium-ion ukuqonda ngcono ukuba yintoni eboniswa luhlelo olwahlukeneyo:
IEC62133 ngumgangatho wokuvavanya ukhuseleko lweebhetri ze-lithium-ion kunye neebhetri, kunye nemfuneko yokhuseleko lokuvavanya iibhetri zesibini kunye neebhetri eziqukethe i-alkaline okanye i-electrolyte engekho-acidic. Isetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ii-LiBs ezisetyenziswa kwi-elektroniki ephathekayo kunye nezinye izicelo. I-IEC62133 ijongana neengozi zeekhemikhali kunye nezombane kunye nemiba yoomatshini efana nokungcangcazela kunye nokothuka okunokuthi kube yingozi kubathengi kunye nokusingqongileyo.
UN/DOT38.3 (ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-T1-T8 yovavanyo kunye ne-UNST/SG/AC.10/11/Rev.5) igubungela zonke iimvavanyo zokhuseleko lwezothutho kwii-LIB, iibhetri zetsimbi ye-lithium, kunye neebhetri ngokubanzi. Umgangatho wovavanyo uquka iimvavanyo ezisibhozo (T1-T8), zonke zijolise kwiingozi ezithile zothutho. I-UN / DOT38.3 ngumgangatho wokuziqinisekisa ongafuneki uvavanyo oluzimeleyo lomntu wesithathu, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kweebhubhoratri zovavanyo lomntu wesithathu kuqhelekile ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokumangalela xa kwenzeka ingozi.
IEC62619 ibandakanya imigangatho yokhuseleko yeebhetri ze-lithium yesibini kunye neepakethe zebhetri kwaye ichaza iimfuno zokhuseleko lokhuseleko lwe-LIB kwizinto zombane kunye nezinye izicelo zamashishini. Iimfuno zovavanyo ezisemgangathweni ze-IEC62619 zilungele usetyenziso olumileyo kunye noluguquguqukayo. Usetyenziso olumileyo lubandakanya unxibelelwano lwefowuni, izixhobo zombane ezingaphazamisekiyo (i-UPS), iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ombane, izitshixo eziluncedo, izixhobo zombane ezingxamisekileyo, kunye nezicelo ezifanayo. Izicelo zamandla ziquka i-forklifts, iinqwelo zegalufa, izithuthi ezizihambelayo (AGVs), oololiwe, kunye neenqanawa, kwaye zingabandakanyi izithuthi zendlela.
UL1642 ngumgangatho we-UL wokhuseleko lwebhetri ye-lithium, echaza iimfuno ezisemgangathweni zeebhetri ze-lithium eziphambili kunye nesekondari ezisetyenziswa njengemithombo yamandla kwiimveliso zombane. Ukhuselo lobuchwephesha lubandakanya iibhetri ze-lithium ezisetyenziswa ngabachwephesha abaziingcali kunye nezo zisetyenziswa ngabasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo. Iibhetri ze-lithium ezisetyenziswa ngabachwephesha beengcali kufuneka zibe ne-5 grams okanye ngaphantsi kwe-lithium yentsimbi ngeyunithi yebhetri, ngelixa umxholo kwiibhetri zokusetyenziswa kwabathengi akufanele udlule i-1 grams. Ibhetri eyogqitha le migangatho ifuna uqwalaselo novavanyo olungaphaya ukuqinisekisa ukuba ibhetri ingasetyenziselwa injongo yayo. I-UL1642 ayifaki umngcipheko wetyhefu ngenxa yokungeniswa kweebhetri ze-lithium, okanye ukuvezwa kwintsimbi ye-lithium ngenxa yomonakalo webhetri okanye ukusika.
UL2580 ngumgangatho wokhuseleko lwebhetri ye-UL yezithuthi zombane kwaye iqulathe inani lovavanyo, kubandakanywa: ibhetri ephezulu yangoku, ukucudiswa kwebhetri, kunye nokucudisa iiseli zebhetri ( nkqo)
Izicwangciso zokuphucula ukhuseleko lwebhetri yeLithium-ion
Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizithuthi zombane, iinkqubo zokugcina amandla, i-electronics yabathengi, kunye nezinye iimveliso, kwaye ukhuseleko lwabo luhambelana ngqo nobomi babantu. Iingozi zebhetri, ezifana nezo zibangelwa kukubaleka kwe-thermal, ukuqhuma, njl., kunokukhokelela kwingozi enkulu kunye nelahleko yepropathi.
Olunye uphuhliso lwamva nje olunxulumene nokhuseleko lweebhetri ze-lithium-ion ziquka:
Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji entsha
Ukwaziswa kobugcisa obutsha bokhuseleko, obufana ne-Ecovolta's electrolytic nickel-plated cold roll rolling strip eyenziwe ngezihlanganisi zebhetri, ethi ikhuphe ngokuzenzekelayo iibhetri ezinengxaki kuyo yonke ipakethe yebhetri xa kuvela ingxaki, inceda ukunqanda iingozi. Ukongeza, uyilo lwesakhiwo seepakethi zeebhetri zihlala ziphuculwa ngemathiriyeli eyomeleleyo kunye neteknoloji yokupakisha yamandla aphezulu ukubanceda ukuba bamelane nezothuso zangaphandle.
Lungiselela iinkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri (BMS), yomeleza uqwalaselo lwexesha lokwenyani lobume bebhetri, ukufumanisa nokuphatha izinto ezingaqhelekanga ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ukongeza, izixhobo ezikhuselekileyo zebhetri zihlala ziphuhliswa kwaye ziphunyezwa, ezinje ngokuphuculwa kweengoma kwii-electrode ezilungileyo, ii-electrode ezingalunganga, kunye ne-electrolytes ukuze kuncitshiswe umngcipheko wokubaleka kwe-thermal.
Obunye ubuchule bubandakanya ukwenziwa ngcono uyilo lwebhetri, njengokusetyenziswa kwee-electrode zefilimu ezibhityileyo, i-silicon anode, kunye nobunye ubuchwephesha obutsha bokuphucula uzinzo lwebhetri. Ukwandisa izixhobo zokukhusela iibhetri, ezinjengokongeza izinto ezinqanda ilangatye phakathi kwee-electrode ezilungileyo kunye nezibi, i-diaphragms yokuqhuma, njl., Kwakhona kunceda ukunciphisa impembelelo yokujikeleza okufutshane kunye nokubaleka kwe-thermal.
Uphando lwezenzululwazi
Ngokubanzi, iibhetri ezininzi ze-lithium-ion zibandakanya i-polyolefin membranes, i-electrolyte ye-liquid organic (kubandakanya i-vinyl carbonate, i-diethyl carbonate, kunye ne-dimethyl carbonate), i-lithium salts, kunye ne-electrode ephilileyo kunye ne-negative. Ukuzinza okuphantsi kwe-thermal kunye nokutsha kwe-diaphragm kunye ne-electrolyte ngokuqhelekileyo kuthathwa njengezona zizathu zokutsha kunye nokuqhuma kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion. Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphucula ukhuseleko lweebhetri ze-lithium-ion ukusuka kumbono we-diaphragm kunye ne-electrolytes. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokubandakanya i-phosphate-based based flame retardants, abaphandi banokufikelela ekunciphiseni okukhulu ukutsha kwe-electrolytes kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-electrochemical yeebhetri ze-lithium. I-Phosphorus-oxygen radicals eveliswa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu inokubamba ngokusebenzayo iiradicals zasimahla eziveliswa ngokutshisa ukuphelisa ukutsha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaphandi baye baphuhlisa inani elibalulekileyo leembrane ezisekelwe kwi-inorganic-based, ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuphucula ukuzinza kwe-thermal kunye ne-porosity ye-membrane, ukunika iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ukusebenza okuphezulu kokhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-electrochemical.
Iinkqubo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe isandi
Njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, kunye nosetyenziso olukhulu lweebhetri ze-lithium-ion, inani leebhetri ezidla umhlala-phantsi liyanda unyaka nonyaka, kwaye ukusekwa kwenkqubo yokuhlaziya ibhetri ye-lithium-ion kubaluleke kakhulu kusetyenziso olunengqiqo lwezibonelelo, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso loshishino lwamandla amatsha. Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yebhetri ye-lithium-ion evaliweyo ibandakanya iinkalo ezininzi, kubandakanywa ukugcinwa kwebhetri kunye nolawulo lokuthutha, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe uphando lweteknoloji kunye nophuhliso, ukuyila ibhetri, ukusekwa kwenkqubo entsha yomthombo, ukupapashwa, kunye nokuthandwa. Kubantu ngabanye, kukwabalulekile ukongeza izikhokelo ezikhuselekileyo zokurisayikilishwa ngokuqonda ngengozi yeebhetri, kunye noqheliselo olukhuselekileyo lokurisayikilishwa kweebhetri ngokuhambelana nemimiselo.
Ngelixa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zenza imingcipheko ethile yokhuseleko ngexesha lemveliso, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nenkqubo yokuphinda isetyenziswe, ukhuseleko lwazo lunokuphuculwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokuphucula inkqubo yokuvelisa, ukuqinisa ukusetyenziswa kwesikhokelo kunye nokubeka iliso, kunye nokuseka isandi sokuhlaziya kunye nenkqubo yonyango. Kwixesha elizayo, kunye nenkqubela phambili yeteknoloji kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha, kukholelwa ukuba ukusebenza kokhuseleko lweebhetri ze-lithium-ion kuya kuphuculwa ngakumbi, kuzisa ukukhululeka kunye nokhuseleko ebomini bethu.
Iingcebiso zokusetyenziswa kwebhetri kunye nokugcinwa kwazo
Ukutshaja okuchanekileyo: Sebenzisa itshaja yoqobo okanye ehambelana nebhetri ukutshaja, kwaye uphephe ukusebenzisa iitshaja ezingahambelaniyo. Musa ukuvumela ibhetri iphume ngokupheleleyo phambi kokutshaja; zama ukutshaja xa ibhetri ingaphantsi kwama-20%. Xa utshaja, khetha ukutshaja okucothayo, ukuba iyafumaneka, kwaye uphephe ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza ukwandisa ubomi bebhetri.
Ukusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo: Kuphephe ukusebenza kumthwalo ophezulu ixesha elide ukuze ungabangeli ukuba ibhetri ishushu. Phantsi kokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo, ibhetri kufuneka igcinwe kwiqondo lobushushu elifanelekileyo, kwaye musa ukubeka ibhetri kubushushu obuphezulu okanye obuphantsi. Ukongeza, kunqanda ukushiya ibhetri ingasebenzi ixesha elide ukuze ungabangeli ukwehla kwebhetri.
Ukugcina: Ukuba awuzimiselanga kwibhetri ixesha elongeziweyo, yigcine kwindawo eyomileyo nepholileyo (ngokuchaseneyo neneemeko zobushushu obuphezulu okanye obuphantsi). Xa ifakwe kwindawo yokugcina, amandla ebhetri kufuneka abe malunga ne-50% ukunceda ukwandisa ubomi bebhetri.
Kuphephe ukutshaja ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokukhupha: Musa ukuhlawulisa ibhetri kwi-100% okanye uyivumele ikhuphe kwi-0% - zama ukuyigcina kuluhlu lwe-20-80%. Ukutshaja kakhulu kunye nokukhupha ibhetri kungabenza bufutshane ubomi bebhetri.
Jonga ukusebenza kwebhetri rhoqo: Ukuba ufumanisa ukuba ubomi bebhetri buncitshiswe kakhulu okanye ukusebenza kuncitshisiwe, khangela okanye ubuyisele ibhetri njengoko kuyimfuneko.
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