Sibanzi: Isiseko semfuno yemarike yeemveliso zoomatshini bamahlathi eTshayina sikhulu ngokwentelekiso. Ngenxa yezinto ezifana nophuhliso loqoqosho lwehlabathi, ukukhula kwabemi kunye nosapho, ukuthandwa kwenkcubeko yezityalo, kunye nokukhuthazwa kweemveliso ezintsha, ubungakanani bemarike bugcine ukukhula kwexesha elide. Ngokwezibalo, ukusukela ngo-2022, isikali semarike yoomatshini bamahlathi eTshayina malunga ne-56.28 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan.
Amagama angundoqo: ikhonkco loshishino loomatshini bamahlathi, ubungakanani bemarike yoomatshini bamahlathi, ixabiso lemveliso yoomatshini bamahlathi, ingeniso yokuthengisa koomatshini bamahlathi, ukungenisa oomatshini bamahlathi kunye nemali yokuthumela ngaphandle.
Isishwankathelo soshishino loomatshini bamahlathi
Oomatshini bamahlathi babhekiselele koomatshini kunye nezixhobo ezipheleleyo ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yamahlathi kunye nokulungiswa kwemveliso yehlathi ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso. Uphuhliso lomatshini wamahlathi lubalulekile kwinkqubo yophuhliso lwamahlathi eTshayina, ukukhuthaza inkqubo yokuphucula amahlathi. Ukusukela ekusekweni kweTshayina, oomatshini bamahlathi benze impumelelo ebalulekileyo ngokuthe ngcembe. Oomatshini bamahlathi yimveliso engundoqo kwinkqubo yokulima amahlathi, imveliso, kunye nokusetyenziswa, kunye nomxholo ophambili kunye nomqondiso wokuphucula amahlathi, ukwenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwamahlathi e-China. Ngokwezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye neenjongo zokusebenza, oomatshini bamahlathi ikakhulu babandakanya iindidi ezintlanu: oomatshini bamahlathi, oomatshini basemigodini kunye nothutho, oomatshini begadi, oomatshini bokwenza iinkuni, kunye noomatshini bebhodi eyenziweyo.
Ukuhlelwa koomatshini bamahlathi ngendlela ebanzi
- Oomatshini beSilvicultural: Oomatshini beSilvicultural yindibano yoomatshini abahlukeneyo bamandla kunye noomatshini abasebenzayo abasetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokulima ihlathi. Ibandakanya ikakhulu iitrektara, ii-injini zokutsha zangaphakathi, iinjini zombane, kunye nabanye oomatshini bamandla, kunye noomatshini bokuqokelela imbewu yehlathi, oomatshini bokulungisa imbewu, oomatshini bokunyusa izithole, oomatshini bokucoca amahlathi, oomatshini bokulungiselela umhlaba, oomatshini bokugawula amahlathi, oomatshini bokugawula amahlathi, oomatshini bokugawulwa kwehlathi, ukukhuselwa kwehlathi kunye noomatshini bokuthintela umlilo, kunye nokuthintela oomatshini bokubulala.
- Oomatshini bokugawula kunye nokuthutha: Yindibano yoomatshini kunye nezixhobo zokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuthuthwa kwamaplanga, kunye nemisebenzi yeyadi yelog. Ngokukodwa ibandakanya oomatshini bokugawula iinkuni, ukuphakamisa nokuhambisa oomatshini, oomatshini bokuthutha, kunye noomatshini abadityanisiweyo bokusebenza kwiindawo zokugawulwa kwemithi.
- Oomatshini bomhlaba: Umatshini wokujonga umhlaba ubhekisa kwizixhobo zoomatshini zokulungisa umhlaba, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokugcinwa, njengesarha yekhonkco, umatshini wokusika umva, umatshini wokusika, umatshini weheji, umsiki wamatyholo, umatshini wengca, umatshini wesebe eliphezulu, umatshini wokufunxa amagqabi, umatshini wokucheba ingca, kunye nesichebi sengca.
- Oomatshini bokwenza iinkuni: Oomatshini bokwenza iinkuni babhekisa kwizixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokugawula iinkuni, ukutyumza, ukucheba, ukwenza, ukudityaniswa, ukomiswa, kunye nezinye iinkqubo. Izixhobo zoomatshini zibandakanya iiyunithi zokusebenza ezinokuhlengahlengiswa kwaye ziqwalaselwe ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuchule bokwenza umthi. Oomatshini bokucwangcisa iinkuni banokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkuni kunye nomgangatho wemveliso ukuze umthi wokuqala usetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo kwaye uguqulwe ube ziimveliso ezahlukeneyo zomthi, njengefenitshala, izinto zokwakha, umgangatho, njl.
- Oomatshini bebhodi eyenziweyo: Oomatshini bebhodi ye-Artificial ligama eliqhelekileyo lezixhobo zenkqubo yemveliso yeebhodi ezenziweyo. Kubandakanya izixhobo zobunjineli ezifana nokuxobula, ukulungiswa kwezinto, ukomisa, ukuncamathelisa, ukucinezela okushushu, ukwenza, ukupakisha, nokuphatha iibhodi ezenziweyo.
Imigaqo-nkqubo enxulumene noshishino loomatshini bamahlathi eTshayina
IBhunga likaRhulumente, iKomishoni yoPhuhliso kunye noHlaziyo lweSizwe, iSebe lezoRhwebo, kunye namanye amasebe karhulumente baye bakhupha "iCatalog of Industries, Products, and Technologies Encourated and Developed Mainly in China" (yahlaziywa ngoJulayi 27, 2000), equka "uomatshini bezolimo obuphezulu kunye obusebenzayo kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo" kunye "nokuphuhliswa komatshini kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokuphuhliswa komatshini kunye nokukhuthaza iteknoloji yokuvelisa ihlathi imimiselo ehambelanayo. Ngeli xesha, uluhlu lwemigaqo-nkqubo efana ne "Iimbono ezininzi malunga noKwandiswa koHlengahlengiso kunye neNzame zokuTsha ukukhawulezisa uLwakhiwo lwezoLimo", "Yenziwe eChina ngo-2025", "Umda we-12th Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu soPhuhliso lwezoQoqosho noLuntu lweSizwe”, “12th Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu soPhuhliso lwezoLimo noQoqosho lwaseMaphandleni kuZwelonke, kunye “neSicwangciso soPhuhliso soShishino loShishino loShishino lwezoLimo (2011-2015)” ziphakanyiswe ngokucacileyo ukuze kukhuthazwe uphando kunye nophuhliso loomatshini bokukhusela izityalo.
Ikhonkco loshishino loomatshini bamahlathi
Umphezulu wekhonkco loshishino loomatshini bamahlathi ubandakanya izinto ezikrwada kunye namacandelo afana neebhetri ze-lithium, iimotor, intsimbi, kunye neentsimbi ezingezizo ezoni. Ngeli xesha, amazantsi omlambo abandakanya ikakhulu ukulima kwekhaya, ukutyalwa kwezityalo kuluntu, njl.njl. Inqanaba lethekhinoloji, umthamo wobonelelo, kunye nokuguquguquka kwexabiso lemathiriyeli ekrwada emantla kube nefuthe ekusebenzeni kolu shishino. Inqanaba lobugcisa kunye nokuchaneka kokusetyenzwa kweenjini, iimoto, kunye neebhokisi zegiya zichaphazela umgangatho weemveliso kweli shishini. Ixabiso lentsimbi kunye neeplastiki zeplastiki ziguquguquka ngezikhathi ezithile, ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iindleko zokuvelisa oomatshini begadi. Ngophuhliso loqoqosho lwehlabathi, ukukhula kwabemi kunye nobukhulu bosapho, kunye nokuthandwa kwenkcubeko ye-horticultural, iintsapho ezininzi ziya kutyala ixesha, amandla, kunye nezinto eziphathekayo ekulimeni kwekhaya. Ngeli xesha, ummandla wohlaza lukawonke-wonke kunye namadlelo engca avunyiweyo uya kwanda, nto leyo eya kuzisa amandla awoneleyo kuphuhliso loshishino loomatshini bamahlathi kwaye ikwakhuthaze amashishini okuvelisa oomatshini bamahlathi ukuba baqhubeke bephucula ubuchule bawo bophando kunye nophuhliso kunye nokuphucula ubuchwepheshe bemveliso kunye nomgangatho.
Njengempahla eninzi, intsimbi ichaphazeleka kakhulu ngokuguquguquka kwimeko yezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yefuthe loqoqosho lwehlabathi, amaxabiso emarike yentsimbi e-China aye aguquguquka kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nto leyo ethe yanefuthe kwingeniso yeshishini. Ukususela kumbono wemveliso yensimbi kwiminyaka yamuva, imveliso yensimbi e-China iye yanda ngokuqhubekayo ukusuka kwi-2012 ukuya kwi-2022, kunye ne-CAGR yemveliso yensimbi ye-3.44%. Ngo-2022, ishishini lesinyithi elingenawo intsimbi lizoyisile iziphumo ezibi zobhubhani ophindaphindiweyo, lathatha amathuba okubuyisela imarike yasekhaya neyezizwe ngezizwe, liqhubekile nokwenza nzulu uhlaziyo lwesakhiwo secala lokubonelela, liqinisekise unikezelo lwekhonkco leshishini kunye nekhonkco lobonelelo, lwakhawulezisa ukukhuthazwa kobukrelekrele bemizi-mveliso yemveli, ukutyala uhlaza kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wokusebenza. Ukusukela ngo-2022, imveliso yeentsimbi ezilishumi ezingenayo i-ferrous e-China yayizizigidi ezingama-67.936 zeetoni, kunye nokunyuka konyaka nge-4.89%.
Uhlalutyo lobume bophuhliso loshishino loomatshini bamahlathi eTshayina
Ukuphuhliswa koomatshini bamahlathi kwakungafane kukhankanywe ngaphambi kokusekwa kweRiphabhliki Yabantu baseTshayina. Imisebenzi yemveliso yamahlathi ikakhulu ixhomekeke kumsebenzi wezandla, kwaye kuphela emva kokusekwa kwePeople's Republic of China apho baye baqalisa uphononongo lophuhliso olukhawulezayo noluzinzileyo. Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-70 yophuhliso emva kokusekwa kweRiphabliki yaBantu baseTshayina, oomatshini bamahlathi benze inkqubela phambili ephawulekayo, baphucula ngokuphawulekayo inqanaba labo lobugcisa, isikali soshishino, ulwakhiwo lwemizi-mveliso, umgangatho wemveliso, kunye nokhuphiswano lwamazwe ngamazwe, kwakunye nokwenza igalelo elininzi kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo loshishino lwamahlathi eTshayina. Isiseko semfuno yeemveliso zoomatshini bamahlathi e-China sikhulu. Ikwaphenjelelwa zizinto ezinjengophuhliso loqoqosho lwehlabathi, ukukhula kwabemi kunye nosapho, ukuthandwa kwenkcubeko yezityalo, kunye nokukhuthazwa kweemveliso ezintsha, ubungakanani bemarike bugcine ukukhula kwexesha elide. Ngokwezibalo, ukusukela ngo-2022, ubungakanani bemarike yoomatshini bamahlathi e-China bumalunga ne-56.28 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan.
Ukuphuhliswa koomatshini bamahlathi e-China kuye kwadlula izigaba ezine eziphambili zembali, ezibandakanya uphuhliso lokuqala, ukudodobala kunye nokuthandabuza, ukubuyisela kunye nokuvuselela, kunye nokutsiba ngokukhawuleza emva kwamaxesha amathathu embali ahlukeneyo, kuquka ukubuyiswa koqoqosho, ukwakhiwa, kunye nohlaziyo kunye nokuvuleleka e-China. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ixabiso lemveliso kunye nengeniso yokuthengisa yoshishino loomatshini bamahlathi e-China ikhule ngokukhawuleza. Ukusukela ngo-2022, ixabiso lemveliso yoshishino lwamahlathi lalimalunga ne-127.15 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, kwaye ingeniso yentengiso yayimalunga ne-124.98 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan.
Ngophuculo oluqhubekayo lweenkqubo zemveliso ngabavelisi baseTshayina, ukuphuculwa kancinci kancinci komgangatho wemveliso, kunye nokwandiswa kwezakhono zolawulo, umgangatho kunye nemigangatho yobugcisa yeemveliso zoomatshini baseTshayina baye bakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zofikelelo zaseYurophu naseMelika. Iimveliso eziphambili zithengisiwe kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukuthengisa ngaphandle. Kwixesha elizayo, umthamo wothunyelo lwangaphandle koomatshini begadi baseTshayina uya kwanda ngakumbi njengoko ishishini lisiya liqhubela phambili kwaye nesabelo semarike yeemveliso eziphezulu zonyuka. Ngokwezibalo, ukusukela ngo-2022, isixa-mali sokuthenga oomatshini bamahlathi e-China sasimalunga ne-13.89 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, kwaye imali yokuthumela ngaphandle yayimalunga ne-82.59 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan.
Uhlalutyo lwepateni yokhuphiswano loshishino loomatshini bamahlathi eTshayina
Abakhuphisana namashishini oomatshini bamahlathi abaquki kuphela oogxa baseTshayina kodwa namashishini angaphandle. Xa kuthelekiswa noogxa basekhaya, abakhuphisana bamanye amazwe banenzuzo ngakumbi kuba inkunzi yabo, itekhnoloji, ulawulo, kunye negunya lophawu ngokubanzi liphezulu kuneyangaphambili. Ukongeza, amanye amashishini oomatshini basekhaya afumene isabelo semarike kunye nesiseko sabathengi esizinzile emva kweminyaka yokusebenza. Ke ngoko, inqanaba langoku lokhuphiswano oluqatha kushishino loomatshini bamahlathi eTshayina lisephezulu kakhulu. Lilonke, ingeniso yokusebenza yeenkampani ezinkulu ezinxulumene kushishino oomatshini bamahlathi babalelwa umlinganiselo ophantsi ngokwentelekiso yengeniso yoshishino iyonke e China ngo 2022. Phakathi kwabo, SUMEC kaThixo izixhobo ngaphandle amandla ngaphandle ikakhulu ziquka iirobhothi inkonzo ingca, mowers ingca, scarifiers, isarha zombane, ukucheba imithi, kunye nezinye izixhobo kunye motors generator encinane okanye injini yegesi. Ngokwezibalo, izixhobo zamandla zangaphandle ze-SUMEC (i-OPE) ingeniso yoshishino yayiyi-4.111 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ngo-2022. Umlinganiselo wengeniso yokuthengiswa koomatshini bamahlathi yi-3.29%, ebonisa ukuba uxinzeleko lwamashishini amashishini oomatshini bamahlathi luphantsi kakhulu e-China, kwaye isidanga sokhuphiswano loshishino kunye nokuphazamiseka kunokuba phezulu.
Amathuba oshishino loomatshini bamahlathi eTshayina
Ngexesha le14th Ixesha leSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu, uphuhliso loomatshini bamahlathi kunye nezixhobo e-China zijongene nemingeni kunye namathuba amaninzi, kwaye kubekho iinzame kunye nokuphumelela okwenziwe kwezi ndawo zilandelayo.
Ngokomgaqo-nkqubo, ukwandisa imali ekhethekileyo yemali ukuxhasa uphuhliso lomatshini wamahlathi nokuseka indlela yotyalo-mali eyahluka-hlukeneyo ekhokelwa lutyalo-mali lukarhulumente, notyalo-mali lwentsebenziswano olusuka kumashishini, amafama amahlathi, kunye nabanye. Cwangcisa iiprojekthi ezikhethekileyo zokuvuselela kunye nokuguqulwa kwezobuchwepheshe kushishino lwezixhobo zamahlathi kwi-investment central investment, ukuseka indlela yembuyekezo yomngcipheko wokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuqala eziveliswe ekhaya e-China, kunye nokwazisa imigaqo-nkqubo ehambelanayo exhasayo.
Ngokwemigaqo yolawulo, cacisa isebe lolawulo okanye iziko elijongene nezixhobo zehlathi nengca, ukuseka inkqubo yokulawula oomatshini bamahlathi “phezulu-phantsi”, yenze inkqubo yokukhuthaza elungelelanisiweyo kunye nesikhokelo sikarhulumente, inkxaso yemali, kunye nokuqhutywa kweprojekthi, nokomeleza ulawulo kunye notshintsho lobugcisa.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiinkqubo, ukuqinisa ukwakhiwa kweenkqubo zenkxaso yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe kunye nokuphumeza "ukutyhilwa kunye nokuyalela" koomatshini bamahlathi. Ukwandisa ukwakhiwa kweenkqubo zenkonzo yezixhobo zamahlathi, ukuhlakulela abasebenzi bobuchwepheshe bokukhuthaza izixhobo zamahlathi, kwaye uthembele "kwi-Intanethi +" ukwakha iqonga lenkonzo yobuchwepheshe obukude obukude.
Ngokobuchwephesha, sebenzisa ngokupheleleyo ulwazi lwe-elektroniki kunye nobunye ubuchwephesha bokuphucula umgangatho weteknoloji yezixhobo zamahlathi, kugxininise kuphando kunye nophuhliso lwe-chassis yamandla asebenzayo kunye noqoqosho lokuvuna iziqhamo zamahlathi kunye nezinye izixhobo zamahlathi, ziqaqambise uyilo oluyintsha, ukomeleza ukudityaniswa kweshishini, izifundiswa, kunye nophando, ukuphuhlisa izixhobo zamahlathi ezilungele iimeko zelizwe eTshayina kunye nenkxaso yophuhliso lwamahlathi anamandla eChina, kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso yophuhliso lwamahlathi anamhlanje.
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