Iibhetri zamandla ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yetekhnoloji yanamhlanje egcina kwaye ikhuphe amandla, ibenza babaluleke kakhulu kwii-smartphones, iilaptops, kunye nezithuthi zombane.
Iibhetri zamandla zibone uphuhliso lwamva nje malunga nokusebenza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Enye yezi nkqubela phambili kukuqala kwe iseli ye-hydrogen fuel itekhnoloji, efumana ukuthandwa ngenxa yamandla ayo okubonelela ngamandla azinzileyo. Ngokungafaniyo namafutha efosili eqhelekileyo, amandla e-hydrogen yenye i-fuel yokuthutha evelisa ukukhutshwa kwe-zero kwaye iyahlaziyeka.
Ubuchwephesha butsha ngakumbi kunezithuthi zombane eziqhelekileyo, eziye zafumana ukutsaleka mva nje. Ukusukela ngo-2015, zintathu kuphela iinkampani zeemoto ezithengise iimoto ezine-hydrogen, kunye neentengiso eziphezulu ezingaphezulu nje kwe-10,700 kwizizukulwana ezibini. Ezi nkampani zintathu zeemoto ziHyundai, Honda, kunye neToyota.
Ngokucacileyo, iinkampani zeendaba ezidumileyo njenge-CNN zenze iingxelo malunga ne-hydrogen. Ngokomzekelo, omnye wabo amanqaku akutshanje iveze izicwangciso phakathi kwe-RWE, omnye wabavelisi bamandla baseJamani, kunye nenkampani yamandla yaseNorway i-Equinox yokwakha amaziko ombane aphehlwa yi-hydrogen eJamani kule minyaka imbalwa izayo, kubandakanywa nombhobho wokuthuthwa kwawo.
Kwakhona, enye ingxelo igubungela inkcazo yenkampani yeenqwelomoya, i-Airbus, ebhengeze esidlangalaleni uphuhliso lwabo lwe-injini ye-hydrogen-powered fuel cell njengenxalenye yenyathelo labo lokusungula inqwelomoya ye-zero-emission ngo-2035. Zonke ezi ziinzame zokunyusa ukukhula kobuchwepheshe.
Isiqulatho
Yintoni itekhnoloji ye-hydrogen fuel cell?
Zeziphi izithuthi ezinokusebenzisa iteknoloji yamandla e-hydrogen?
Lithini ikamva letekhnoloji ye-hydrogen fuel cell?
Iingcamango zokugqibela
Yintoni itekhnoloji ye-hydrogen fuel cell?
Itekhnoloji yeeseli ze-hydrogen isebenzisa inkqubo ye-electrochemical eguqula amandla ekhemikhali e-hydrogen kunye neoksijini ibe ngamandla ombane.
Ifezwa ngokusebenzisa isitaki se-fuel cell, uthotho lweeseli zamafutha ezivelisa umbane omncinci oshwankathelwayo ukukhulisa amandla ombane.
Umgaqo wokuvelisa amandla usekelwe kwimpendulo ye-redox ye-hydrogen kunye ne-oxygen. Irhasi yeHydrojeni yaziswa kwi-anode ngelixa ioksijini ingena kwicala le-cathode yeseli yamafutha. Zombini iigesi zahlulwe yi-electrolyte, evumela ukuba iiyoni ezichajiwe kakuhle zidlule ngaphandle kokuxubana kweegesi.
Okulandelayo, i-hydrogen idibana ne-catalyst ebekwe kwi-anode kwaye ifakwe kwi-oxidized ukuvelisa ii-protons (i-ioni ye-hydrogen echajiwe kakuhle) kunye nee-electron (ii-ion ze-hydrogen ezichajiwe kakubi). Iiprotoni zidlula kwi-electrolyte ukuya kwi-cathode, ngelixa ii-electron ezingenakudlula kwi-electrolyte zinyanzeliswa ukuba zijikeleze isiphaluka kwi-cathode. Oku kuhamba kweeyoni yiyona nto eyenza umsinga wombane.
Kwi-cathode, ukunciphisa kwenzeka nge-oksijini, isabela ngeeproton kunye nee-electron ezifunyenwe ukuvelisa amanzi. Ukusabela iyonke kunika amandla ombane ngokuhamba kwezi ion, mhlawumbi isetyenziselwa ukunika amandla injini yombane eqhuba imoto okanye ukutshaja encinci. ibhetri-ion ibhetri oko konga amandla ukuze asetyenziswe kamva.
Eli bhetri likwathatha amandla avela kwisixokelelwano sokuvuselela iziqhoboshi zesithuthi kwaye igcina amandla agqithisileyo akhutshwa kwimfumba yamafutha ngexesha lokuqhuba amandla aphantsi.
Zeziphi izithuthi ezinokusebenzisa iteknoloji yamandla e-hydrogen?
Itekhnoloji yamandla e-Hydrogen isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiibhasi kunye neelori kwinqanaba langoku lesicelo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthunyelwa kuphantsi kakhulu njengoko izinto ezininzi, ezifana neendleko eziphezulu kunye neziseko ezinqabileyo, zithintela ukwanda kobu buchwepheshe.
Nangona kunjalo, iimoto ezisebenza nge-hydrogen zinezibonelelo ezithile ezingaqhelekanga kubalingane bazo bokutsha. Okokuqala, iibhasi ezihamba kumafutha e-hydrogen azikhuphi izinto ezingcolisa umzimba eziyingozi okanye iirhasi zegreenhouse njengoko zisenza iimoto eziqhelekileyo. Kungenxa yokuba inkqubo yeekhemikhali zeeseli ikhupha kuphela umphunga wamanzi kunye nobushushu njengemveliso ephumayo, ibenza ibe yeyona ndlela icocekileyo kumafutha efosili.
Kwakhona, iibhasi ezihamba nge-hydrogen zihamba kakuhle kwaye zizolile ngaphandle kokungcangcazela okanye ingxolo, eqhelekileyo kwiimoto zemveli. Ezi bhetri zeHFC zikwanazo noxinaniso oluphezulu, ukuze zihlale ixesha elide kwaye zibonelele ngentsebenzo engcono yesithuthi.
Ngexesha lolu papasho, iimoto zamandla e-hydrogen eziqhelekileyo zinokuhlala iikhilomitha ezingama-300-400 ngaphambi kokuba zifakwe i-refueling, ngelixa i-avareji yeemoto zombane zihlala kwiikhilomitha ezingama-250 kuphela. Ngaphezu koko, ixesha labo lokufaka i-refueling lithatha imizuzu embalwa kwaye liphantsi kakhulu xa lithelekiswa ne-avareji yemoto zombane, ezinokuthatha iiyure ezininzi ukutshajwa kwakhona.
Ngelishwa, iteknoloji yamandla e-hydrogen inezithintelo ezimbalwa. Njengoko izinzile njengoko i-hydrogen fuel ibonakala, ukuveliswa kunye nokugcinwa kwe-hydrogen ngokwayo kubiza kakhulu kunedizili yendabuko kunye nepetroli. Nangona iyeyona nto ininzi kwindalo iphela, i-hydrogen ayifumaneki inyulu.
Ngenxa yobume bayo be-athomu, ihlala idityanisiwe kunye nezinye izinto, ezinokuba nzima ukuhlukana. Umzekelo, ukufumana amandla e-hydrogen kwirhasi yendalo (CH4) kufuna amandla amakhulu "ukuqhekeka" kwaye kukhuphe i-CO2 njengemveliso.
Ngenxa yoko, ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso kuphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kufuneka amandla amaninzi ukuvelisa nokuthunyelwa kwamafutha ezithuthi ngaphezu kwamandla aya kubonelela ngawo. Oku kukhokelela kumbuzo wokuba ingaba ithembekile ngenene.
Ngaphaya koko, zimbalwa kakhulu izikhululo zokugalela i-hydrogen, ezityhafisa abaqhubi ekubeni bathabathe uhambo olude. Umzekelo, izibalo bonisa ukuba inani lezikhululo zokugalela i-hydrogen eKhalifoniya ngama-60 nje kuphela. Okwangoku, irhasi eqhelekileyo inezitishi zokugalela amafutha ze-hydrogen ezingaphezu kwe-100,000 kwilizwe lonke.
Iindleko zamafutha e-hydrogen nazo ziphezulu ukusuka kwi-US$ 10 ukuya kwi-US$ 17 xa kuthelekiswa nezikhululo zepetroli eziqala kwi-US$ 5 ukuya kwi-US$ 8.50 igaloni nganye. Ukongezelela, kukho iinkxalabo zokhuseleko malunga nokuba izikhululo ze-hydrogen refueling zifanelekile kuba i-hydrogen inokutsha kakhulu ukuba ayiphathwanga ngokufanelekileyo.
Lithini ikamva letekhnoloji ye-hydrogen fuel cell?
Ngaphandle kweziphene zayo, imfuno yezithuthi ezisebenza nge-hydrogen inokunyuka kule minyaka imbalwa izayo njengoko ungcoliseko lomoya kunye neenkxalabo zokutshintsha kwemozulu ziqhubeka zikhula. Olu lwando lubangelwa yimeko yalo yokukhupha i-zero evumela ukutshintshela kwiindlela zothutho ezicocekileyo.
Ngokunjalo, ukuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji kulindeleke ukuba kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kweeseli ze-hydrogen, ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, kunye nokuthembeka, ukwenza iimoto ezisebenza nge-hydrogen zibe nomtsalane ngakumbi kwaye zifikeleleke kubathengi.
Urhulumente kunye neenkampani zabucala nazo zenza utyalo-mali ekwakhiweni kweziseko zoncedo ezingakumbi, ezifana nezitishi zokugalela amafutha ezithuthi. Ke, abantu kunokwenzeka ukuba bathathe iimoto eziqhutywa nge-hydrogen kwiminyaka elandelayo.
Kodwa akuphelelanga apho. Njengoko ingxaki yamandla igquba ehlabathini lonke, oorhulumente bangxamele ukwenza amacebo obungqina bekamva. Ngenxa yoko, batyala imali kwi-LNG kunye neziseko ezitsha zegesi yendalo, besenza indlela yokuphunyezwa kwamandla acocekileyo e-hydrogen kwixesha elizayo.
Ukuba zonke iiprojekthi zangoku zikhaba ngempumelelo ngo-2030, i-carbon hydrogen ephantsi inokunyusa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-16-24 Mt ngonyaka. Ngokusekelwe kwezi ziqikelelo, i-hydrogen eluhlaza evela kwi-electrolyzers iya kuphendula kwi-9-14 Mt, ngelixa i-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iya kuphendula kwi-7-10 Mt.
Nangona kunjalo, icandelo lamandla e-hydrogen lihlala lihlupheka ngenxa yesikhokelo solawulo esingahambelaniyo, ukungaqiniseki malunga neemfuno zexesha elizayo, kunye nokungabikho kwezixhobo zokuthutha iiseli ze-hydrogen fuel. Ngelishwa, yi-4% kuphela yeeprojekthi ezintsha ezifikelele kwisigqibo sokugqibela sotyalo-mali okanye zisemisebenzini.
Nangona i-2022 unyaka nonyaka umthamo wonyaka we-electrolyzer uphucula ukuya kwi-8 gigawatts, unokufikelela kwi-60 gigawatts ngonyaka ngo-2030 ukuba zonke iiprojekthi ezintsha zenza inkqubela phambili. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, kunokubakho ukuhla kwexabiso le-70% ngo-2030 ukuba amandla okuvelisa akhuphuka-imiphumo yayo iya kufana nokuwa kwexabiso okungalindelekanga okuncede ukunyusa ukukhula kwamandla elanga kunye nomoya.
Ngelixa ikamva libukeka lithembisa, kuyimfuneko ukuqaphela ukuba imveliso ye-hydrogen ecocekileyo ayihambanga ngokukhawuleza ukufikelela kwi-IEA ye-Net Zero Emissions ngo-2050. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, icandelo lifuna inyathelo elikhawulezileyo ukukhuthaza inkuthazo enkulu kunye notyalo-mali ukunyusa ukubonelela kunye nemfuno yexabiso le-premium-ixabiso, i-carbon ephantsi ye-hydrogen amandla.
Iingcamango zokugqibela
Izithuthi ezisebenza nge-Hydrogen ngokuqinisekileyo zithembisa izinto ezintsha. Nangona obu bugcisa busebuncinaneni bayo, ngokungathandabuzekiyo bunamandla okudala isisombululo esisebenzayo nesizinzileyo kwingxaki yokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Eli nqaku linike ingqiqo kule ntsimi entsha kunye nekhuthazayo, kwaye kunye nemiqobo emininzi, ishishini lezothutho linokuba nethemba malunga nefuthe lobu buchwepheshe kwixesha elizayo.
