Urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe luyinxalenye enkulu yoqoqosho lwehlabathi, kwaye luyakhula. Ngo-2021 kuphela, ixabiso lilonke lorhwebo lwehlabathi lwalu $ 28.5 zezigidi-irekhodi eliphezulu. Kwaye njengoko urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lukhula, ngokunjalo nemingeni ebandakanyekayo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba omabini amaqela kwintengiselwano ayaluqonda uxanduva kunye namatyala awo.
Ukwenza izinto zibe nzima ngakumbi, akukho mithetho okanye imilinganiselo yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe—wonke umntu unendlela yakhe yokwenza izinto.
Kulapho ii-incoterms Ngena! Ziyimigaqo yehlabathi jikelele kunye nezikhokelo, eziphuhliswe yi-International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) ukunceda bonke ababandakanyekayo kuthutho lwaphesheya kolwandle baqonde amalungelo abo, umngcipheko, kunye nezibophelelo zabo.
Le migaqo yorhwebo evunyiweyo kumazwe ngamazwe inceda abarhwebi nabathumela ngaphandle baqonde ngqo apho uxanduva lwabo lulele nanini na ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthumela ngenqanawa. Kumashishini ahambisa iimpahla ukuwela imida yamazwe ngamazwe rhoqo, ukuqonda ii-incoterms ezahlukeneyo kunokwenza okanye ukwaphule amaxabiso abo.
Elinye igama elidla ngokungaqondwa kakuhle ngamashishini leli “Inqwelo ehlawulwe"(CPT), elibhekiselele kuhlobo lwendlela yokuhanjiswa apho umthengisi okanye umthengisi ahlawulela zonke iindleko zothutho de iimpahla zihanjiswe kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yindawo ekusingwa kuyo, akunyanzelekanga ukuba ibe yindawo yokugqibela eziya kuyo.
Izandi ziyabhidisa? Akukho mfuneko yakukhathazeka! Esi sithuba seblogi siya kunika ukukhanya kwimimiselo yokuthunyelwa kwe-CPT, iingenelo zayo kunye nokungonakali, kwaye xa kunenzuzo ukuyisebenzisela abathumeli kunye nabangaphandle.
Isiqulatho
IHlawulelwa Ntoni Inqwelo (CPT)?
Ithetha ukuthini iCarriage ehlawulwayo (CPT) kwimigaqo yokuhambisa?
Izibonelelo zeNqwelo ehlawulwayo kwi-incoterm
Ukungaphumeleli kweNqwelo ehlawulwayo kwi-incoterm
Ezinye ii-incoterms ekufuneka wazi ngazo
IHlawulelwa Ntoni Inqwelo (CPT)?
Ikhareji ehlawulwa ku (CPT), yenye ye-11 imiqathango yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe yokuthumela iimpahla kwihlabathi jikelele. Lixesha lonikezelo elithetha ukuba umthengisi uzisa iimpahla ngeendleko zabo kumthuthi okanye omnye umntu otyunjwe ngumrhwebi.
Umthengisi okanye umthumeli-mpahla ngaphandle kufuneka eze nezinto ezisuka kwindawo ezisuka kuyo azise kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba ngumthengi, kwaye athwale uxanduva lwezo mpahla de zibe zimphethe ngokukhuselekileyo umthuthi wokuqala. Ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle ngexesha lokuhamba ukuya kumthwali wokuqala, njengomonakalo okanye ukulahlekelwa kwempahla, uxanduva luhlala kumthengisi.
Ithetha ukuthini iCarriage ehlawulwayo (CPT) kwimigaqo yokuhambisa?
Le ngcaciso ingentla ilula kakhulu ukuchaza umda opheleleyo woxanduva lwabathengisi, nalapho abathengi baqala khona ukuthatha umngcipheko.
Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukuba yiyiphi i-"Carriage ehlawulwayo", eli candelo liya kuhamba malunga neyiphi i-CPT ithetha ngemigaqo yokuthumela-kubandakanywa ngubani ohlawula ukuthwala iimpahla, xa umngcipheko udluliselwe kumthengi, ohlawula i-inshurensi yokuthunyelwa, kunye nendlela inqaku lokuhambisa ligqitywe ngayo.
Ngubani ohlawulela ukuthuthwa kwempahla?
Ngokwemigaqo yokuthumela ngenqanawa, iNqwelo eHwulwe ku (CPT) ithetha ukuba umthengisi okanye umthumeli-mpahla ngaphandle unoxanduva lokuhlawula naziphi na iindleko ezinxulumene nokuthutha iimpahla ukusuka kwindawo eziphuma kuzo ukuya kwindawo ezibizwa ngayo.
Ezi ndleko zibandakanya naziphi na iintlawulo zokuthumela ngaphandle ezifunwa ngabasemagunyeni beCustoms kwilizwe lemvelaphi. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba indawo ekuyiwa kuyo yahlukile kwindawo yokugqibela? Kwimeko apho, umthengi kufuneka ahlawule naziphi na iindleko ezongezelelweyo zokuhamba.
Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo le ngxelo ikhankanywe ngasentla, makhe sicinge ukuba i-ABC Inc., eseNew York, ithumela iimpahla ngenqanawa kwi-XYZ Ltd., inkampani yaseJapan eseHiroshima.
Masithi i-incoterm ye-CPT ichaza “Izibuko laseHiroshima, eMihara” njengendawo echaziweyo yendawo. Kwimeko apho, umthengisi uya kuba noxanduva lweendleko zokuthutha de iimpahla zifike kwi-port.
Umthengisi unokukhetha nayiphi na indlela yothutho enexabiso eliphantsi, njengolwandle okanye uloyiko lomoya. Umzekelo, umthengisi usenokukhetha umthuthi wolwandle wamazwe ngamazwe ukuthutha iimpahla ngqo ukusuka kwizibuko laseNew York ukuya eHiroshima.
Ekufikeni kwi-port yase-Hiroshima, uxanduva lokuthutha luya kutshintshela kwi-XYZ Ltd. Luxanduva lomthengi ukulungiselela ukuthuthwa kwempahla ukusuka kwi-port ukuya kwindawo yabo yokugqibela.
Ingaba umngcipheko ugqithiselwa nini kumthengi?
Makhe sijonge kumzekelo wethu wangaphambili ukuqonda ngcono iingozi ezinokubakho ezibandakanyekayo. Emva kokuba iimpahla zihanjiswe ngumthengisi kwi-carrier yolwandle kwi-port yaseNew York-eyaziwa ngokuba ngumqhubi wokuqala-umthengisi wayengasenaxanduva lokuthwala umngcipheko (ukulahlekelwa, njl.).
Ukusukela kwelo nqanaba ukuya phambili, umntu ongenisa impahla evela kumazwe angaphandle okanye umthengi unoxanduva lomthwalo kwintsalela yohambo ukuya kwindawo yokugqibela. Yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukuba abathumeli kunye nabathumeli bamazwe angaphandle bavumelane malunga nokuba ngabaphi abathwali abaya kusetyenziswa kumlenze ngamnye wothutho, kunye nokuba loluphi uhlobo lothutho (umthwalo womoya, imithwalo yolwandle, njl) kufuneka isetyenziswe.
Ngubani ohlawulela i-inshurensi yokuthunyelwa kwempahla?
Umthengisi unoxanduva kuphela lokulungiselela ukuthuthwa kwempahla ukuya kwindawo yokuhanjiswa, kungekhona i-inshurensi yeempahla ngokwazo ngexesha lokuthutha ukuya kwindawo yokugqibela.
Ngamanye amazwi, xa iimpahla zifika kwi-carrier yokuqala-ingaba yinkampani yelori okanye i-carrier carrier-umthengi uthatha yonke ingozi ukususela ngoko. Uxanduva lomthengisi luphelela apho.
Umrhwebi uthatha umngcipheko ukusuka kuloo ndawo ukuya phambili; ngoko kuya kuba bubulumko ukulungiselela i-inshorensi ukuba banqwenela ukuzikhusela kwilahleko ebangelwe ngumonakalo okanye ubusela ngexesha lokuhamba.
Igqitywe njani ingongoma yonikezelo?
Xa kuziwa kwi-incoterm ye-CPT, indawo yokuhanjiswa idla ngokugqitywa yisivumelwano phakathi komthengisi kunye nomthengisi. Nangona kunjalo, ekugqibeleni kumthengisi ukuba akhethe indlela ayithandayo yokuthutha.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-CPT ithetha ukuba umthengisi uthwala uxanduva lweendleko zokuthwala de iimpahla zifike kwindawo yazo ebizwa ngokuba yiyo; ngelo xesha uxanduva lothutho olungaphezulu ludlula kumthengi de iimpahla zifike kwindawo yazo yokugqibela.
Izibonelelo zeNqwelo ehlawulwayo kwi-incoterm
Xa imodeli yeshishini yenkampani ibandakanya ukungenisa kunye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla, ixhomekeke ekufumaneni ezo mpahla kwindawo efanelekileyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Kodwa kuthekani ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle? Ukuba ukuthunyelwa kulibazisekile ngenxa yeemeko zokuthumela, imozulu, okanye ezinye izinto ezingaphandle kolawulo lwabo, kuya kubiza malini inkampani? Kuthekani ukuba kufuneka bahlawule imali yexesha elongezelelekileyo okanye baqeshe abasebenzi abongezelelekileyo ukuze bahlangabezane nomsebenzi owongezelelekileyo? Ezi zizinto zonke ezinokuphetshwa ngokucwangcisa okufanelekileyo kunye nokuqonda i-incoterms yokuthumela.
Ikhareji ehlawulwa kwi (CPT) i-incoterm lukhetho olusebenzayo kumacala omabini kwintengiselwano yorhwebo lwehlabathi-Kunenzuzo kubathengi kuba ibavumela ukuba banciphise iindleko zabo zothutho, kwaye lulungiselelo olulawulekayo kubathengisi kuba banokubeka imiqathango yokuhanjiswa.
Makhe sijonge ezinye zezibonelelo zale incoterm kunye nendlela ebonelela ngayo indlela kubo bobabini abarhwebi kunye nabathumela ngaphandle ukuze bafumane okuninzi kwiimpahla zabo.
Ukwehliswa kweendleko zothutho kumthengi
Nge-incoterm ethi "I-Carriage ehlawulwayo", abathengisi bahlawula iindleko zokuthutha ukusuka kwindawo yemvelaphi ukuya kwindawo yokuhanjiswa.
Oku kuthetha ukuba endaweni yokuhlawula iintlawulo ezininzi zokuthunyelwa kunye nokuphatha, abathumeli bangaphandle baya kuhlawula kuphela umrhumo omnye oquka ukuthuthwa kwempahla yabo ukusuka kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yindawo yokuhanjiswa ukuya kwindawo yokugqibela.
Akusekho maphepha omthengi
Ngelixa umsebenzi omninzi ungena ekuthumeleni iimpahla, kukho into enye engatshintshiyo: amaphepha. Kunokuba yintloko enkulu ukufumana onke amaxwebhu afunwa ngabathengi ukungenisa impahla evela phesheya.
Umthengisi uya kusingatha yonke imiba esemthethweni yokuthunyelwa kwempahla evela kwilizwe lemvelaphi, kuquka imisebenzi yempahla kunye nemirhumo yokuthumela ngaphandle. Ngaloo ndlela, umthengi akayi kuba nexhala malunga nokubotshwa kumaphepha angeyomfuneko-banokugxila kwizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu: ukuqhuba ishishini labo.
Iingeniso ezininzi zomthengisi
Ngelixa i-CPT inokuba lixabiso elincinci kubathengisi, kukho neenzuzo kubo. Ngenxa yokuba umthengisi unoxanduva lwazo zonke iimali zokuthumela ngenqanawa de intengiso ifike kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yindawo ekuyiwa kuyo, oku kunciphisa iindleko zothutho kubathengi, kubenze bafuneke bafumane iimveliso njengoko besazi ukuba abazukuba semandleni kuzo naziphi na iindleko ezongezelelweyo.
Ngapha koko, abathengisi banokukhetha ukuba bayasamkela na okanye bangamkeli isithembiso ngokusekwe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo: ixabiso, ubungakanani, ixesha lokuhambisa, iinkcukacha zemveliso, kunye neemfuno zoqinisekiso lomgangatho. Ngamanye amazwi, abathumeli bangaphandle banokuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo iingozi zabo zokuthumela ngenqanawa kwaye baqinisekise ukuba le mingcipheko iyancitshiswa ngexabiso abalibizayo ngempahla yabo.
Ukungaphumeleli kweNqwelo ehlawulwayo kwi-incoterm
Njengazo zonke izinto ezilungileyo, kusoloko kukho amacala amabini kwingqekembe nganye. Kwaye ngelixa i-incoterm ye-incoterm ye-Carriage inokuba yindlela efanelekileyo yokulawula kunye nokudlulisa imingcipheko ehambelana nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwimida yamazwe ngamazwe, ikwanayo imiqobo embalwa ekufuneka abathengi nabathengisi bazi.
Ukunyuka kweendleko zokuhanjiswa kumthengisi
Xa iimpahla zithunyelwa phantsi kweCPT, umthengisi unoxanduva lokuzithutha ukusuka kwindawo yazo yemvelaphi ukuya kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiyo-kwaye oko kuthetha ukuhlawula nayiphi na imali efunekayo yokuthutha.
Umthengisi uya kufuneka kwakhona ahlawule naziphi na iindleko ezongezelelweyo ezinxulumene nokukhutshwa kwempahla okanye ezinye iinkqubo zokulawula kwilizwe lemvelaphi. Xa kuthengiswa kumazwe ngamazwe, ezi ndleko zinokudibanisa ngokukhawuleza!
Umthengi onoxanduva lwe-inshurensi yenqwelo
Ngelixa umthengisi enoxanduva lweempahla de zifike kwindawo enegama, oku akuthethi ukuba umthengi ucimile!
Umthengi usenoxanduva lweempahla kuhambo lwazo lokuya kwindawo yokugqibela. Izinto ziba yingozi ngakumbi xa usebenzisa izithuthi ezininzi, apho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kuhambo lokuhamba.
Umzekelo, masithi umthengisi uthumela iimveliso ngenqanawa ngeenkonzo zothutho elwandle ukuze zifike kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiyo, emva koko iimpahla zinikezelwe uloyiko lomoya abathwali ngaphambi kokuba bafike kwindawo yabo yokugqibela. Ngaphantsi kwe-CPT incoterm, umsebenzi wokunyamekela umthengi uqala xa umnikezeli wokuqala ethatha iimpahla. Ukususela ngelo xesha ukuya phambili, kuxhomekeke kumthengi ukuba aqinisekise umthwalo wakhe.
Umthengi onoxanduva lokuhamba
Xa kuziwa kwi-CPT, umthengi unoxanduva lokuhlawula zonke iindleko ezinxulumene nokukhutshwa kwempahla kwilizwe labo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abarhwebi abathenga kumazwe angaphandle kuya kufuneka benze amalungiselelo okukhutshwa kwempahla ngaphandle kwempahla evela ngaphandle, kunye nazo naziphi na izimiselo eziyimfuneko phambi kokuba iimpahla zifike kwindawo yazo yokugqibela.
Umzekelo, ukuba umenzi wemoto ungenisa ngaphandle igoqo lentsimbi ukusuka eTshayina ngokuthunyelwa ngenqwelomoya ukuya eUnited States, baya kuba noxanduva lokulungiselela ukukhutshwa kwempahla kunye nawo nawaphi na amaphepha ayimfuneko afana neelayisensi zokungenisa elizweni okanye izatifikethi. Kufuneka kwakhona bahlawule naziphi na iintlawulo ezikhethekileyo (umz. Iirhafu zaseTshayina) kwizinto ezithengwe kumazwe angaphandle ukuba ziphantsi kwamanyathelo erhafu anyanzeliswa yi-US Amasiko kunye noKhuselo lweMida.
Ezinye ii-incoterms ekufuneka wazi ngazo
Ngoku ukuba amashishini ayazi i-pros and cons of the CPT incoterm, anokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga neemfuno zabo zokuthumela, kwaye azi kakuhle ukuba luhlobo luni lweendleko abaya kuzenza ngaphambi kokuba baqale inkqubo yabo yezothutho. Kukho ezinye ii-incoterms ezilishumi ekufuneka zaziwa ngabathumeli bangaphandle, kwaye zonke zicaciswe kuzo kwesi sikhokelo.
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