Ukutshintsha kwemozulu yintlekele ehlala isanda. Iza njenge izikhukula ezinkulu ukugxotha izigidi kwaye kubulawe amawaka ePakistan okanye imililo yasendle eyoyikisayo umhlaba otshabalalisayo kunye namakhaya eOstreliya, wonakalise ngakumbi umaleko we-ozone. Kwakhona, kunokuba njalo imbalela eqatha ukomisa imilambo emikhulu kunye namanzi amaninzi ukusuka eUnited States ukuya eChina. Ngelishwa, utshintsho lwemozulu luza nabantu abathwaxwa yindlala kunye nokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, ukulahleka kwezilwanyana kunye neendawo zokuhlala, kunye nokulahleka imihlaba yezolimo-nto leyo eguqulela ekutyeni okuncinci kubemi behlabathi. Ngoko, umbuzo omkhulu ngulo: ngaba utshintsho lwemozulu luqhuba ukukhula kwelanga? Funda ukuze ufumanise.
Isiqulatho
Isiphumo sokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse
Yintoni ilanga kwaye kutheni amandla elanga ekhula ngokukhawuleza?
Zeziphi ezona zinto ziqhuba ukukhula kwamandla elanga?
Yeyiphi eminye imiqobo ekukhuleni kwelanga?
isiphelo
Isiphumo sokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse
Igalelo elikhulu lokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse (GHG) ekhokelela kutshintsho lwemozulu kukuveliswa kwamandla kusetyenziswa amafutha efosili. Kwaye uninzi lweenkampani ze-100 ezinoxanduva I-71% ye-GHG ekhutshwayo zisuka kwicandelo leefosili. Ngoko ke, ukubaluleka kokutshintshela kwimithombo ehlaziyekayo akunakubaxwa.
Ezinye iipatheni zemozulu eziguquguqukayo njengezikhukula, iinyikima, kunye nomlilo zinefuthe kwiinkqubo ezininzi zamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ngo-2020, I-87% yombane oveliswa kwihlabathi jikelele, kuquka inyukliya, i-thermal, kunye nombane wamanzi, kwakuxhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo ekufumanekeni kwamanzi. Ngoko ke, kubangela iingxaki kwicandelo. Kodwa i-solar yinkqubo enkulu yamandla avuselelekayo emele amandla ayo okuvelisa amandla ngaphandle kwamanzi kunye neemeko eziguquguqukayo.
Yintoni ilanga kwaye kutheni amandla elanga ekhula ngokukhawuleza?
Amandla elanga ngumthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo athatha ukukhanya kwelanga kwendalo aze awaguqule abe ngamandla ngokusebenzisa iipaneli okanye izipili ezigxininise imitha yelanga. La mandla anokugcinwa kwiibhetri okanye kwi-thermal storage.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, amandla elanga yenye yezinto ezimbalwa ezinokuhlaziywa ezingathembekanga emanzini. Ukongeza, iipaneli ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zamandla elanga ziyafikeleleka, kulula ukuzifaka kwaye ziza ngobukhulu obuhlukeneyo. Ke ngoko, iipaneli zelanga zinokufakwa ngokulula kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka ezindlwini nakwiifama ukuya kwiinkampu. Kwakhona, zincinci kwaye zinexabiso eliphantsi kuneeinjini zomoya. Ngapha koko, basebenza ngokuzolileyo, baguquguqukayo, kwaye basebenza ngalo lonke ixesha (ukuba nje kukho ilanga).
Ke ngoko, akumangalisi ukuba amandla elanga abona utyalo-mali olukhulu kunye nokukhula. Ngo-2020, ishishini lelanga likhule nge-43% e-US. Ngo-2021, ishishini likhule nge-23% kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye ngo-2022 kwakukho 36% ukukhula konyaka-ngonyaka ukuya kutsho ngoFebruwari xa kuthelekiswa neenyanga ezimbini zokuqala zonyaka ophelileyo.
Zeziphi ezona zinto ziqhuba ukukhula kwamandla elanga?
Ukuqonda imozulu yinto eqhuba ukwamkelwa kweenkqubo zelanga zasekhaya. Ukongezelela, ukwanda kweemfuno zamandla, njengoko inani labantu behlabathi likhula kunye nemigangatho yokuphila ukunyuka, kunye nokunyuka kweendleko zamandla kunye nesidingo sokubonakala sizinzileyo kubatyalo-mali kunye nabathengi ngokufanayo, kuye kwatyhala amashishini amaninzi ukuba atshintshele kwi-solar.
Inkxaso-mali karhulumente ehlaziyekayo yamandla
Kwiinzame zokufikelela usukelo lwamandla acocekileyo kwi-COP27, oorhulumente kwihlabathi jikelele baphumeza amanyathelo okuqhuba ukukhula kweli candelo.
I-European Union ikhutshiwe 660 million ixabiso lenkxaso-mali yokwandisa izinto ezivuselelekayo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweCO2. Inkxaso-mali yesiZukulwana esilandelayo se-EU iya kufumaneka ukuze kufakwe iiphaneli zelanga kumakhaya amaninzi.
E-USA, iigranti zikarhulumente kunye neemali-mboleko ezinenzala ephantsi zikhona ukunceda amakhaya anengeniso ephantsi atshintshele ekunciphiseni amatyala amandla ngokuhlaziywa. Umzekelo omhle siSibonelelo seRetrofit eluhlaza, enikezelayo $ 250 yezigidi kufakelo lwelanga zekhaya. I-US Department of Energy (DOE) isebenzisa iNkqubo yoNcedo lweMozulu (WAP) ukunceda ngaphezulu Ngama-35,000 amakhaya inguqu ukuya kumandla asebenzayo nacocekileyo rhoqo ngonyaka.
Izibonelelo kunye nemali-mboleko ejolise ekukhuthazeni ukufakwa kwelanga ukusuka kumakhaya ukuya kumashishini inokufumaneka kwihlabathi liphela:
- Khanada: izibonelelo ezikhoyo kumakhaya aluhlaza.
- I-Indiya: ukugcinwa kwe-40% -50% kufakelo lwelanga.
- iTshayina: Iidola ezingama-236 ezigidi ezithenjiswe ukuxhasa iiprojekthi zelanga ngo-2022.
- Ostreliya: inkuthazo yokunceda amakhaya kunye namashishini amancinci afakele iinkqubo zamandla acocekileyo.
Ukusebenza okuphuculweyo kunye nokunciphisa iindleko
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwelanga kuye kwaphuculwa kakhulu ukususela ekubeni umqambi waseMelika uCharles Fritts wenza iphaneli yokuqala yelanga ngo-1883, kunye nokuguqulwa kombane okusebenzayo kwe-1% kuphela. Ngenxa yoko, oorhulumente kunye namashishini amakhulu baxhasa ngemali obu bugcisa, nto leyo eyakhokelela kuphuculo olukhulu ekusebenzeni kakuhle koguqulo lwephaneli. Namhlanje, iipaneli zelanga ezibandakanya i-PV, i-heterojunction, TOPcon, uhlobo lwe-N, kunye ne-PERC zonke zigqwesile kwi-conversion esebenzayo yama-20%, ekuqikelelwa ukuba iza kwanda kule minyaka izayo. 29% yi 2025.
Ukongeza ekusebenzeni okwandisiweyo, uphuhliso lweteknoloji yelanga luye lwaphumela ekunciphiseni iindleko. Ngokomzekelo, ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lepaneli yelanga yehla nge-90% ukusuka kwi-2010 ukuya kwi-2020. Kwakhona, iiprojekthi ze-International Energy Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) iiprojekthi eziya kuthi ngo-2025, kuya kubakho enye. 59% ukunciphisa iindleko zombane oveliswa yi-solar PV.
U ku lungiswa
Iipaneli zokuqala zelanga ezifumanekayo zazingekho nje eziphantsi ekusebenzeni kwaye zibiza, kodwa iziqwenga eziqinileyo, ezinzima, kunye nezingaguqukiyo ezingafanelekanga ukusetyenziswa. Namhlanje, iipaneli zelanga zenziwe ngezinto ezahlukeneyo, ezivumela ukufakwa kwi-plethora yemigangatho-ukusuka kwiipaneli zelanga eziqhelekileyo ezifakwe phezu kophahla ukuya kwiipaneli zelanga eziguquguqukayo kwiiseyile zeenqanawa zokuhamba.
Izinto zepaneli zelanga nazo ziyahluka ngombala. Yiyo loo nto, imiphezulu ebonakalayo, enje ngeefestile, ngoku inokuba ziipaneli zelanga. Oku kuvula inqanaba elitsha ngokupheleleyo, livumela ii-skyscrapers ezineeglasi ezifakwe kwiglasi kwihlabathi liphela ukuba zenze amandla azo acocekileyo kwaye zibe nesiqhelo sezindlu zezityalo ze-agrivoltaic.
Iipaneli zelanga azifani nje ngokuguquguquka kunye nombala, kodwa kunye nobukhulu, okuvumela ukulungelelanisa ngakumbi. Imakethi enkulu yeephaneli zesola ke ngoko ikhona kwishishini lemotohome kunye nemveliso yangaphandle, kunye neepaneli zesola ezifakwe kuzo zonke iintlobo ze-campervan kunye neerakhi zombane kunye neelaptops xa unyuka intaba.
Yeyiphi eminye imiqobo ekukhuleni kwelanga?
Ngaphandle kokukhula okukhulu kwishishini lelanga, kusekho izinto ezimbalwa ezibambeleyo. Ngokomzekelo, iipaneli zelanga zifuna indawo enkulu yomhlaba. Kwakhona, ezi zixhobo zisebenza ngcono xa kukho ukukhanya kwelanga. Nangona kunjalo, le miceli mngeni ijongwa ziiyunithi zokugcina iibhetri ezifanelekileyo kunye ulimo lwezolimo–apho ukulima ngokwesintu kudityaniswa nokulima ngelanga kwindawo enye yomhlaba.
Umba omkhulu kancinci ophucukayo kodwa usenendlela encinci yokuhamba kukusebenza kwephaneli yelanga. Iindidi ezintsha zeeseli zelanga ziphuhliswa kwihlabathi liphela, nangona kunjalo, izinga le-20% yokusebenza kakuhle lithetha ukuba i-80% yemitha yelanga ebetha iipaneli ichithwa. Ukongezelela, nangona iipaneli zelanga zamandla acocekileyo zivelisa, ezinye zezinto zazo azikwazi ukuhlaziywa. Njengoko utyalo-mali kunye nophando kule ndawo lukhula, ukusebenza kwepaneli yelanga kuya kuphucula kwaye kuhlaziywe, izinto ezingenayo ityhefu ziya kusetyenziswa kwimveliso yazo.
isiphelo
Ishishini lelanga libone ukukhula okukhulu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, kungekuphela nje ekwamkelweni kodwa kwinkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji. NgeCOP27 kunye neyangoku ingxaki yamandla, kuya kubakho uxinzelelo olwandisiweyo lokufikelela ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, kwaye oorhulumente behlabathi lonke baya kutyala imali eninzi kobu bugcisa.
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ukukhula kwelanga kusenendlela ende ekufuneka ihanjwe de inciphise ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse ukuya kutsho kubuncinci. Kodwa kukho ithemba njengoko iiphaneli zelanga zifumana inkxaso-mali eyandisiweyo kunye nokwamkelwa minyaka le ukukhuthaza utshintsho kuqoqosho oluluhlaza.
