Icandelo lezolimo liqeshiwe 874 million abantu 2020. Oku kwenza ukuba 27% yabasebenzi behlabathi. Phakathi 2000 and 2019, imveliso iyonke yezityalo eziziiprayimari zanda ngo 53%, oko ikukuthi 9.3 yeebhiliyoni zeetoni. Konke oku kuhambelana necandelo lezolimo elikhulayo kwihlabathi jikelele.
Kwabo bakwishishini lezolimo, ukwazi izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzisebenzisa efama kunokubanceda kakhulu abaguqukileyo, kwaye kuvumele umntu ukuba axhamle kwisakhono sefama yakhe. Eli nqaku liza kuchaza iingcebiso eziphambili zokukhetha umatshini wezixhobo zezolimo, ukwenzela ukuba abathengi banokwenza ngokuzithemba ukuthenga okufanelekileyo kwiimfuno zabo.
Isiqulatho
IiTrekta
Amandla kunye ne-rotary tillers
Abalimi
Amakhuba
Abavuni
IiShellers
Izisasazi zezichumiso
Abafaki
Iingcamango zokugqibela
IiTrekta
A ITrakta ngumatshini obonelela ngetorque ephezulu kwizantya eziphantsi.
Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha itrektara
Ukusebenza ngokulula
70% umonakalo kwitrektara kungenxa yokunqongophala kolwazi ngendlela yokusebenzisa itrektara. Amashishini kufuneka akhethe a i trektara enokuqhutywa lula. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuba nezifundo malunga nendlela yokusebenzisa itrektara phambi kokuba uyithenge.
ixabiso
Iindleko zetrektara zahlulwe zibe zimbini: intengo yokuqala kunye neendleko zezahlulo. Iindleko zokuqala kufuneka zithelekiswe nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwetrektara. Amashishini akufuneki achithe ngaphezu kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali aluqikelelweyo. Amalungu athengwayo kufuneka abe kumgangatho ophezulu nawo. Nangona kunjalo, akuthethi ukuba kufuneka zibe ngamacandelo exabiso. Endaweni yoko, amashishini kufuneka ajonge iindawo zokwenyani ezifikelelekayo kubo.
Ukunduluka kwamandla
Iitrektara zale mihla zineshafti yokususa yombane ebekwe ngasemva okanye ngaphambili kwitrektara kwaye oku kunika amandla ajikelezayo koomatshini abamileyo nabatsalwayo. I-shaft ibonelela ngamandla kwisixhobo, isusa imfuno yomthombo wamandla oxhonywe ngokwahlukileyo. Iitrektara zale mihla nazo ziya kubonelela ngombane owongezelelweyo owenziwe ngamanzi okanye ngombane. Amashishini kufuneka azi ukuba ukongezwa kwenkqubo yokususwa kombane kuyakuchaphazela njani na kwezinye iindawo zetrektara.
usasazo
Iitrektara zineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zothumelo. Zibandakanya ukuhanjiswa kwegiya, ukuhanjiswa kweCVT, ukuhanjiswa kwe-hydrostatic, kunye nokuhanjiswa kombane. Olu gqithiso lwamandla luneenzuzo kwaye lusebenza ngcono kunezinye kwiimeko ezithile. Abathengi ke ngoko kufuneka baqwalasele iingenelo zothumelo kwitrektara abayithengayo.
injini
Injini yetrektara ilinganisa amandla kumandla amahashe. Eyona ngqwalasela ibalaseleyo xa ukhetha injini bubungakanani bomhlaba eza kusetyenziswa kuwo. Kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise enye hp kuba Iihektare ze2 zomhlaba. Ifama yeehektare ezingama-40 ke ngoko iyakufuna itrektara nge 20 - 25hp.
Inkxaso yomthengisi
Amashishini kufuneka athenge iinxalenye kwiibrendi ezaziwayo ukuze afumane iindawo ezomeleleyo nezisemgangathweni. Ukuba bathenga kwi-aftermarket, ishishini linokonga kwiindleko zamalungu kodwa lichithe ngaphezulu ekuzilungiseni ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ukongeza koku, kucetyiswa ukuba kuthengwe iinxalenye kumenzi wetrektara.
mhlobo standard
Ishishini kufuneka lithathele ingqalelo umgangatho wokukhutshwa kwenjini ekhethiweyo. Imigangatho yangoku yi-EU 6 e-UK kunye neTier 5 e-USA. Ukwazi oku kuya kunceda ishishini ukuba likhethe iitrektara ezikwaziyo ukumelana nokusingqongileyo.
Amandla kunye ne-Rotary tillers
A Amandla kunye ne-rotary tiller ngumatshini oqhutywa yinjini oneencakuba ezijikelezayo zokuqhawula nokuhlakula umhlaba.
Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha umbane okanye i-rotary tiller
Uhlobo lomhlaba
Izihlakula ezincinci zinokuwulima umhlaba othambileyo kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, iya kutsiba amacandelo amaninzi omhlaba onamatye noqinileyo endaweni yokuhlakula. Kuyacetyiswa ke ngoko ukuba usebenzise i-tiller enkulu kwiindawo eziqinileyo. Kungenjalo, umatshini wokulima kufuneka usetyenziswe phambi kokuba usebenzise i-mini tiller kwiindawo eziqinileyo.
Ubungakanani befama
Umlimi othengiweyo lishishini uya kuchatshazelwa bubungakanani bomhlaba oza kuwulima. Ubungakanani bomhlaba bungaphantsi 1500 m2 iya kufuna i-mini-tiller, ngelixa umhlaba ophakathi ungaphantsi 5000 m2 iya kufuna umlimi nge 5 hp. Umhlaba omkhulu kune 5000m2 iya kufuna umlimi onezinto ezingaphezulu 6 hp.
Uhlobo lwenjini
Kukho iintlobo ezine zeenjini. Umbane, osebenza ngesandla, amandla ebhetri, kunye negesi. Iithila ezisebenza ngerhasi zezona zinamandla, kodwa zinzima ukuzisebenzisa. Iiplanga zombane ziyafikeleleka kwaye zithandwa kakhulu. Zinikwa amandla ngokuplaga kwindawo yombane engundoqo. Izixhobo zokuhlakula ezisebenza ngesandla azinayo injini. Umsebenzisi kuya kufuneka azenzele ngokwakhe wonke umsebenzi ngelixa iithayili ezinebhetri zingenantambo yamandla. Basebenzisa ibhetri ukunika amandla injini. Amashishini kufuneka akhethe i-power tiller esekelwe kwi-injini ebafaneleyo.
Ubunzulu kunye nobubanzi bokulima
Amanani esixhobo sokuhlakula achaza ubunzulu anokufikelela kubo umlimi. Amacangca ngamagqabi ajikelezayo esixhobo sokuhlakula. Kukho iindidi ezimbini zeetiyiti. Iitila zangaphambili zinokugrumba ukuya kuthi ga 8 intshi nzulu, ngelixa iitila zasemva zinokulima 6 ukuya 12 intshi.
Abalimi
A Umlimi ngumatshini oqhekeza umhlaba kwaye uncothule ukhula.
Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha umlimi
Ubungakanani begadi
Izitiya ezinkulu ezijikeleze i-6000 yeenyawo zesikwere zifuna abalimi ubuncinane be-6 hp. Izitiya ezinobungakanani obuphakathi ngaphezu kwe-1500 yeenyawo zesikwere ziya kusebenza kakuhle kunye nomlimi kunye ne-5 hp, ngelixa iigadi ezincinci zifuna abalimi abancinci.
ukusebenzisa
Ukuba ishishini lifuna a umlimi ukuqhekeza udongwe olunzima kwibhedi entsha, kufuneka bathenge umlimi omkhulu. Abalimi abakhulu beza nezinto eziqhotyoshelweyo ezifana ne-wood chipper okanye inqwelo efanelekileyo kwiifama ezinkulu. Ukuba umlimi uza kusetyenziswa kwi-loam kunye nomhlaba, ngoko umlimi ophakathi ufanelekile. Abalimi abancinci basetyenziswa kakuhle kwiibhedi ezizinzileyo. Abalimi abancinci beza nezinto ezincamatheleyo ezifana ne-mid tillers yokuhlakula egadini.
Ubunzima kunye nokuhamba
Amashishini kufuneka athenge abalimi ngokuxhomekeke kumntu oza kuzisebenzisa. Umlimi omkhulu unobunzima obungaphaya kweekhilogram ezingama-200, ngelixa umlimi ophakathi enobunzima obuphakathi kwe-100 kunye ne-200 yeeponti. Abasebenzi kufuneka bakwazi ukuyiphatha.
uyilo
Abalimi be-tine ngaphambili banama-tines ngaphambili kumatshini kunye namavili angasemva. Umceli mngeni waba balimi kukuba amavili aqengqeleka kumhlaba osandula kulinywa, nto leyo ebangela ukuxinana. Abalimi basemva banamavili ngaphambili kunye neminwe ngasemva. Abanayo i-compaction. Ukubuyisela umva abalimi abajikelezayo banemichiza ehamba kwelinye icala.
Power umthombo
Abalimi basebenzisa amafutha okanye umbane njengomthombo wamandla, kuxhomekeka kubungakanani babo. Abalimi abancinci basebenzisa umbane kuba abafuni mbane ungako. Zizolile, zilula, kwaye zithembekile xa zithelekiswa nezixhobo zokulima ezisebenza ngamafutha, ezivelisa amandla angakumbi kwaye zikhulu, zinzima, kwaye zingxola. Banokuba ne 200 cc injini evelisa phakathi 6.5 - 9 hp ngelixa ezi zombane zivelisa malunga nesiqingatha sale nto.
Amakhuba
A Ikhuba sisixhobo sokulima esinamagqabi amakhulu ajika umhlaba enze imisele emhlabeni phambi kokutyala imbewu.
Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha ikhuba
Uhlobo lomhlaba
Amashishini kufuneka aqwalasele udidi lomhlaba abafuna ukuwulima. Imihlaba yeSandier ifuna ukulinywa kancinci kuba iyafudumala kwaye yome ngokukhawuleza. Umhlaba wodongwe uya kufuna ukulinywa okungaphezulu ukungcwaba ezinye zeentsalela, ukuze zifudumale ngokukhawuleza entlakohlaza.
Ukujikeleza kwesityalo
Abalimi abajikelezisa izityalo zabo kwiminyaka emithathu baya kufuna ukulima okuncinci. Oku kuya kukhokelela kulawulo olungcono lwentsalela kwifama yabo. Nangona kunjalo, xa abalimi belima uhlobo olunye lwesityalo, esifana nombona, ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu, kufuneka basebenzise umhlaba onzima ukuze balawule intsalela efama. Kukho iindlela ezizezinye, ezifana nokusebenzisa ikhuba lebhodi yokubumba, nangona oku kunokukhokelela kwisantya esiphezulu sokhukuliseko lomhlaba kuba iveza umhlaba omninzi phezu komhlaba.
I-Slope
Xa umhlaba unothambeka ngaphezulu 3%, ubunzulu kunye nobukhulu bekhuba kufuneka buncitshiswe ukukhusela umhlaba. Amashishini kufuneka alumke malunga nokuba namakhuba avumela ulungelelwaniso lokuhlakula okukhanyayo ukubandakanya iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zethambeka.
Abavuni
A Umvuni sisixhobo sasefama esisetyenziselwa ukuvuna izityalo efama ngokuzenzekelayo.
Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha isivuni
Iklasi elungileyo
Abavuni bahlelwa ngokweendidi. Amashishini kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba umatshini unamandla afanelekileyo kunye nokucoca indawo yezihlangu ezifunwa lishishini. Ukuphakama kweklasi, ngakumbi amandla. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukuba kuqwalaselwe iiklasi ezenziwa ngumenzi phambi kokuba uthenge.
isikhundla
Amashishini kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba umthamo wesivuni akufuneki ube ngaphezu kokunokuphathwa sintloko yeenkozo. Kukho iintloko zeenkozo ezininzi: i-auger, i-windrow, i-draper, kunye ne-stripperheads. Ukongeza koku kukho iintloko zeenkozo ezithe ngqo kwisityalo ngasinye. Ukukhetha i-header echanekileyo kuya kunceda ukunciphisa ilahleko.
Iprosesa elungileyo
Ukuze ishishini likhethe iprosesa efanelekileyo, kuya kufuneka lizazi izityalo elizityalayo. Abavelisi babonelela ngesetingi zokulungelelanisa ukucoceka kwe-concave kunye nokuvuleka kwezihlangu ngokuxhomekeke kwizityalo ezivuniweyo. Ukwazi iisetingi ezisetyenziswayo, ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko. Umzekelo, ukuba isantya sokucwangcisa sikhawuleza kwaye ukukhutshwa kweconcave kuncinci, kunokukhokelela kwiinkozo ezonakalisiweyo.
Ikhebhu elungileyo
Ikhebhu yomsebenzi kufuneka ikhululeke kwaye ivumele iiyure zokusebenza ezinde. Iimpawu ezihloniphekileyo ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba iikhabhi zinendawo yokugcina, iimpawu zokhuseleko, kunye nokudibanisa kwaye ziyafudumeza okanye zipholile. Ngaphandle koku, ezinye iikhabhi zineenkqubo zokuzonwabisa zokuqinisekisa intuthuzelo yomqhubi. Amashishini kufuneka akhethe iikhabhi ezitofotofo.
Ulawulo lwentsalela
Ulawulo lwentsalela yinto ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe. Amashishini kufuneka akhethe izivuni ezivumela ukunqumla kunye nesakhono sokubheqa ngaphandle kokutshintshisa amacandelo. Abavelisi baphuhlisa izivuni ezinokudibana komhlaba ngakumbi, ukunwenwa banzi, kunye nokugawulwa okucolekileyo ukuze bafumane izivuno ezingcono. Iimodeli ezintsha ziya kuvumela umsebenzisi ukuba atshintshe phakathi kweendlela ezinjengokusasazwa kunye neendlela zomoya.
IiShellers
IiShellers ngoomatshini bokulima abasusa iqokobhe lembewu njengamandongomane.
Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha i-sheller
Ukugcinwa kwe-sheller
Iisheller zibophelelekile ukuba zibe nothuli oluninzi olusuka kwiinkozo eziziqokobhe. Ukugcinwa kwazo kubalulekile. Amashishini ke ngoko kufuneka athathele ingqalelo ukuthenga kubavelisi ababonelela ngenkxaso ngendlela yokusebenza kunye nokugcina isheller. Bafanele baqwalasele nokubakho kwezixhobo ezisecaleni kunye nabasebenzi abanokuzilungisa.
ixabiso
Ixabiso le-sheller liya kuhluka ngokusekelwe kubukhulu kunye nobuchwepheshe obusetyenzisiweyo. Izikrweqe ezenziwe ngezandla zeenkozo ezahlukeneyo zithengiswa phakathi kwazo US $30 - US $60. Iishellki ezinkulu ezisetyenziselwa iinjongo zoshishino US $ 2100 nangaphezulu. Zizenzekela kwaye azifuni nawuphi na umsebenzi wezandla. Iishellki eziphakathi zixabisa phakathi US $300 - US $800. Banenjini yepetroli encanyathiselwe ukubanika amandla.
Izisasazi zezichumiso
Izisasazi zezichumiso ngoomatshini abasasaza umgquba efama ngokulinganayo.
Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha isisasazo sesichumiso
Izinto eziza kusasazwa.
Abasasazi abohlukeneyo baya kusasaza izichumisi ngokwahlukileyo. Ikalika, umgquba, igypsum, i-litter, kunye nesichumiso zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokungaguquguquki, umxholo wokufuma, kunye nokuxinana. Zonke zifuna izichazi-zichumisi ezahlukeneyo ukuze zisebenze.
Ipateni yokusabalalisa
Ipateni ebanzi ayikhuthazwa xa ibala elimxinwa lifuna iipasi ezimbalwa kuphela. Iipateni ezibanzi ziyacetyiswa kumasimi amakhulu aneepasi ezimbalwa zokunciphisa umsebenzi ofunekayo kunye nexesha elithathwayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukwandisa isivuno sentsimi, ukulingana kokusasazeka kubalulekile ngokulinganayo.
Iwaranti kunye nomenzi othembekileyo
Amashishini ayacetyiswa ukuba akhethe izisasazo zesichumiso kubavelisi abaziwayo. Kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo nasiphi na iwaranti kunye nezaphulelo ezenziwa ngumenzi. Ukongeza, kufuneka bajonge ukufumaneka kwamacandelo kunye nabasebenzi bokuqhuba ukugcinwa komatshini. Abanye abavelisi banikezela ngoqeqesho kubasebenzi bomatshini kananjalo nangendlela yokugcina isisasazo sesichumiso.
Abafaki
Abafaki zizixhobo zasefama ezisetyenziselwa ukutshiza imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula kunye nezitshabalalisi kwizityalo efama.
Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha isitshizi
Ubungakanani bendawo eza kutshizwa
Isitshizi esincinci siya kufaneleka kwiindawo ezincinci zomhlaba. Amashishini athenga izitshizi ngeenjongo zorhwebo kuya kufuneka athathe izitshizi ezinomthamo omkhulu, njengesitshizi se-400-gallon. Esona sixhobo sincinci sokutshiza sisitshizi se-15-gallon. Iphathwa ngesandla kwaye ingasetyenziswa ngumntu omnye ukutshiza igadi.
Iimeko zemozulu
Ukutshiza izityalo ngemichiza kunokuba luncedo. Nangona kunjalo, izityalo kufuneka zitshizwe ngemichiza eyahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke amashishini kufuneka athathele ingqalelo imozulu yendawo leyo phambi kokutshiza. Iqondo lobushushu kunye nokufuma liya kuqinisekisa ukuba imichiza iya kuntywila emhlabeni. Ubungakanani bombhobho kufuneka buvumele ukulungiswa kobungakanani bethontsi kunye nokuchaneka kwesitshizi.
Uhlobo lwesityalo esiza kutshizwa
Izityalo ezitshizwayo zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zinokufuna ukuchaneka ngelixa zijolise kwizinambuzane kwindawo ethile, ngelixa ezinye zinokufuna ukutshiza isityalo sonke. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba amashishini aqinisekise kubathengisi bawo ngezityalo afuna ukuzitshiza ukuze acetyiswe ngesitshizi esingcono.
Ixesha kunye nomgudu ngokuchasene neendleko zomatshini
Amashishini nawo kufuneka alinganise iindleko zesitshizi ngokuthelekisa nexesha kunye neenzame ezifunekayo ukusisebenza. Isitshizi esincinci siya kubiza phakathi US $ 20 - US $50. Kungathatha ixesha elininzi ukutshiza ngaphezulu kweehektare ezili-100. Kungangcono ukutyala imali eninzi ukuba ubungakanani bomhlaba mkhulu ukunciphisa iinzame zokutshiza.
Iingcamango zokugqibela
Ukwazi izixhobo zokulima ezifanelekileyo kunganceda amashishini onge kwiindleko ezenziwe ngexesha lokufama. Ngaphezu koko kukho ukwanda kwezivuno kunye neendlela ezingcono zokulima. Eli nqaku liye lanceda ukubonisa amashishini ukuba ajonge ntoni xa ethenga izixhobo zokulima, kwaye kwabo bafuna ukwazi ngakumbi, kukho izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokulima ezifumanekayo. Cooig.com.
