Iibhetri ezikwimeko eqinileyo kulindeleke ukuba ziguqule imarike yeebhetri ngeempawu zokhuseleko eziphezulu kunye noxinzelelo lwamandla. Iquka i-electrolyte eqinileyo kune-electrolyte engamanzi, i-slid-state iibhetri zinika uzinzo olukhulu kunye nomngcipheko ophantsi wokuvuza, oko kubenza kube yindlela ekhuselekileyo yosetyenziso olwahlukeneyo.
Baye baba yitekhnoloji ephambili yezithuthi zombane, izinto ezinxitywayo, kunye nezinye izicelo ezifuna ukubumbana. Iibhetri ze-Solid-state zimele ukhetho olufanelekileyo lwezicelo apho ukhuseleko kunye nokuphila ixesha elide kubalulekile.
Eli nqaku liza kubonelela ngentshayelelo emfutshane yeebhetri zombuso oqinileyo kwaye emva koko sijonge kwizinto eziphambili ekufuneka uziqwalasele xa ukhetha iibhetri ezikwimeko eqinileyo ngo-2024.
Isiqulatho
Yintoni ibhetri yemeko eqinileyo?
ukwakhiwa
uhlelo
Iziganeko zesicelo
Yintoni omawuyiqwalasele xa ukhetha ibhetri yesimo esiqinileyo?
Iindlela zetekhnoloji
Umgca osezantsi
Yintoni ibhetri yemeko eqinileyo?
Iibhetri ezikwimeko eqinileyo bubuchwephesha bebhetri obusebenzisa i-electrolyte eqinileyo endaweni yolwelo lwemveli okanye ijel electrolyte. Iibhetri ezikwimeko eqinile zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluphuculweyo, ubomi obude, kunye noxinano lwamandla olunokubakho ngaphezulu kuneebhetri zelithium-ion eziqhelekileyo.
I-electrolyte ye-Solid-state inokuqulunqwa ngeepolymers eziqinileyo, izinto ze-inorganic, okanye imixube yazo, kwaye i-electrolytes enjalo ayiqhubeki nje i-lithium ion ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa ibonelela nokuzinza komzimba kunye nokungasebenzi kweekhemikhali. Oku kuthetha ukuba iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo azinakwenzeka ukuba zivuze okanye zibambe umlilo xa zithe zatshajiswa kakhulu, zitshisa kakhulu, okanye zonakaliswa ngokwasemzimbeni, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula kakhulu ukhuseleko lwazo.
Ukongeza kukhuseleko oluphuculweyo, iibhetri eziqinileyo inikeza ezinye iingenelo ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, ngenxa yokuzinza kwe-solid-state electrolyte, ezi bhetri ziyakwazi ukusebenza kuluhlu olubanzi lweqondo lokushisa, olubenza bafanelekele izicelo kwiimeko zemozulu ezinzima.
Kwangaxeshanye, amandla oxinaniso lwamandla eebhetri eziqinileyo ziphezulu kakhulu kuneebhetri ze-lithium-ion zangoku, ngenxa yokukwazi kwabo ukusebenzisa izinto eziphezulu ze-electrode, ezifana ne-lithium metal, njenge-anode. Ukongeza, iibhetri eziqinileyo zinezinga eliphantsi kakhulu lokuzikhupha, elibanceda ukuba babambe intlawulo engaphezulu yokugcina ixesha elide.
Ezi mpawu zenza iibhetri zelizwe eliqinileyo zilungele izithuthi zombane zexesha elizayo, izixhobo zombane eziphathwayo, kunye neenkqubo zokugcina amandla, phakathi kwezinye, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba zibangele uluhlu olude, ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza, kunye nobukhulu obuncinci bebhetri. Nangona kunjalo, iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo okwangoku zibiza kakhulu ukuvelisa, ngakumbi ngenxa yobunzima bokulungisa i-electrolyte yesimo esiqinileyo kunye nezixhobo eziphezulu ze-electrode.
Nangona kunjalo, imibutho emininzi yophando kunye neenkampani ziphuhlisa itekhnoloji yebhetri yelizwe eliqinileyo kwiinzame zokujongana nale miba. Ngenkqubela phambili kwinzululwazi yemathiriyeli kunye nokuphuculwa kobuchwephesha bokwenza, kulindeleke ukuba iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo ziya kufezekisa impumelelo enkulu kule minyaka imbalwa izayo, izise inkqubela phambili yenguqu kubuchwephesha bebhetri.
ukwakhiwa
Amalungu asisiseko a ibhetri yemeko eqinileyo zifana nezo zebhetri ye-lithium-ion eqhelekileyo, kubandakanywa i-electrode efanelekileyo, i-electrode engalunganga, i-electrolyte kunye ne-diaphragm. Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo neebhetri ze-lithium-ion eziqhelekileyo ezisebenzisa ulwelo okanye i-electrolyte ye-gel, iibhetri eziqinileyo zisebenzisa i-electrolyte eqinileyo. Apha ngezantsi kukho inkcazo eneenkcukacha zala macandelo:
Cathode
I-cathode yinxalenye enkulu ye-a ibhetri yemeko eqinileyo, kwaye kukuphela kokufumana i-lithium ion njengoko ibhetri igcina kwaye ikhupha amandla. Izinto zeCathode ngokuqhelekileyo i-lithium metal oxides ezifana ne-lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), i-lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) okanye i-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC). Ezi zixhobo zibonelela ngamandla amakhulu kunye nokuzinza okuhle kwebhayisikile.
Anode
I-anode yilapho i-lithium ion ikhutshwa kwibhetri. Kwiibhetri eziqinileyo, izinto ze-anode zinokuba yigraphite, izinto ezisekelwe kwi-silicon, okanye isinyithi se-lithium. Isinyithi seLithium sisixhobo esifanelekileyo se-anode kuba sibonelela ngomthamo wethiyori ephezulu kakhulu kunye nokubanakho okuphantsi, kodwa iingxaki zayo ezinjengokutshintsha kwevolumu ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikile kunye nokukhula kwe-dendrite kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngoyilo lwebhetri kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha.
Ii-electrolyte zombuso oqinileyo
I-solid-state electrolytes yinxalenye engundoqo iibhetri eziqinileyo, ukubuyisela i-electrolyte engamanzi kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion eziqhelekileyo. Ii-electrolyte ezizii-Solid-state zinokuba yi-inorganic materials (umz., ii-oxides, iisulfide, iiphosphates) okanye imathiriyeli yepolymer, okanye imidibaniso yezi mathiriyeli. I-electrolyte eqinile ayifuni nje ukuba ne-lithium-ion conductivity enhle, kodwa kunye namandla omatshini, ukuzinza kweekhemikhali kunye nokuhambelana kakuhle kunye nezixhobo ze-electrode.
Isifayili
Kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion eziqhelekileyo, i-diaphragm isebenza njengesithintelo somzimba ukukhusela ukudibanisa ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwee-electrodes ezintle kunye nezibi ezingakhokelela kwiisekethe ezimfutshane, ngelixa uvumela i-lithium ion ukuba idlule. Kwiibhetri eziqinileyo, ekubeni i-electrolyte ngokwayo iqinile, umsebenzi we-diaphragm unokucingelwa yi-solid-state electrolyte ngokwayo, okanye kwezinye iiplani i-diaphragm ngokwengqiqo yendabuko ayisayi kuba yimfuneko.
uhlelo
Ulwahlulo lwe iibhetri eziqinileyo ubukhulu becala isekelwe kuhlobo lwe-electrolyte eqinileyo, kwaye iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zezi zinto ze-electrolyte zinefuthe elithe ngqo ekusebenzeni, ukhuseleko, kunye neendawo zokusetyenziswa kwebhetri. Ngokwee-electrolyte ezahlukeneyo ze-solid-state, iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo zinokuhlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Iibhetri ezisekwe kwi-inorganic solid-state electrolytes
I-electrolyte ye-inorganic solid-state idla ngokubonelela ngozinzo olungcono lwe-thermal kunye ne-lithium ion conductivity ephezulu, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuyiqhuba ngenxa yokuqina kwayo. Zinokuphinda zihlelwe ngolu hlobo:
Ii-electrolyte ezisekwe kwi-oksijini: umzekelo i-lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO), ebonelela ngokuzinza kweekhemikhali eziphezulu kunye ne-lithium ion conductivity.
I-electrolyte esekwe kwiSulfidi: umz., i-Li2S-P2S5 kunye nezinye i-sulfides, ezibonelela nge-conductivity ephezulu ye-Li-ion kunye nokuguquguquka okuhle komatshini, kodwa isenokungazinzi ngokwaneleyo emoyeni.
Iibhetri ezisekelwe kwi-polymer solid-state electrolytes
Iipolymer electrolytes zibonelela ngokuguquguquka okuhle kunye nokuhambelana okungcono kobuso, ukunceda ukunciphisa iingxaki zobuso phakathi kwe-electrode kunye ne-electrolyte. Imizekelo ye-polymer electrolytes ibandakanya i-poly (vinyl) i-lithium iodide (PEO-LiTFSI), phakathi kwabanye. Ezi electrolyte zine-lithium ion conductivity ephantsi kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, ngoko ke kufuneka ziqhutywe kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ukuphucula ukusebenza kwazo.
Iibhetri ezinee-electrolyte ezidityanisiweyo eziqinileyo
I-electrolyte ye-solid-state ehlanganisiweyo idibanisa izibonelelo ze-inorganic kunye ne-polymer materials kwaye ziyilelwe ukubonelela nge-conductivity ephezulu ye-Li-ion, iipropati eziphuculweyo ze-interfacial kunye nokuphucula amandla omatshini. Olu hlobo lwe-electrolyte lufezekiswa ngokusasazwa kweengqungquthela ze-inorganic kwi-polymer matrix, ephucula ukuhamba kwe-lithium ion ngelixa igcina ukuguquguquka okulungileyo kunye nokuqhubekeka.
Iibhetri zeLithium esekwe kwintsimbi eqinileyo
I-Lithium metal-based based iibhetri eziqinileyo sebenzisa isinyithi se-lithium njengento ye-anode ene-electrolyte eqinile. Isinyithi seLithium siphezulu kakhulu ithiyori isakhono esithile kunye nesakhono esisezantsi, esivumela ezi bhetri zombuso oqinileyo ukuba zibenoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwamandla. Nangona kunjalo, isinyithi se-lithium sithambekele ekwenzeni i-lithium dendrites ngexesha lokuhamba ngebhayisikile, nto leyo engumceli mngeni omkhulu wokuwoyisa kwi-lithium metal-based solid-state battery.
Iziganeko zesicelo
Iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo ziba sisisombululo esifanelekileyo samandla kwiinkalo ezininzi ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okugqwesileyo kunye neempawu zokhuseleko. Oku kulandelayo zezona meko zosetyenziso lweebhetri eziqinileyo:
Zithuthi
Izithuthi zombane yenye yezona ndawo zidumileyo kwizicelo zebhetri eziqinileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa neebhetri ze-lithium-ion zemveli, iibhetri ze-slid-state zibonelela ngokhuseleko olukhulu, ixesha elide lokuphila, kunye nokuxinwa kwamandla okunokuba ngaphezulu, okuthetha ukuba izithuthi zombane zinokufikelela kuluhlu olude kunye nexesha elifutshane lokutshaja.
Ukongezelela, ukuzinza okuphezulu kweqondo lokushisa kweebhetri eziqinileyo zivumela izithuthi zombane ukuba zisebenze kuluhlu olubanzi lwamaqondo okushisa, okwandisa ukuthembeka kwabo kwiimeko zemozulu.
Izixhobo zombane eziphathwayo
Ubume obucekethekileyo nobukhaphukhaphu kunye noxinaniso lwamandla oluphezulu lweebhetri zombuso oqinileyo zibenza babe ngumthombo wamandla ofanelekileyo wezinto zombane eziphathwayo ezinjengee-smartphones, iitafile, iilaptops, kunye nezixhobo ezinokunxitywa. Ezi zixhobo zidinga iibhetri ezikhaphukhaphu ukugcina ukuphatheka kwazo kunye namandla awoneleyo okuxhasa ukusetyenziswa okwandisiweyo. Iibhetri ezikwimeko eqinile zikwabonelela ngeempawu zokhuseleko ezingcono kwaye zinciphisa iingozi zokhuseleko ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo.
Izixhobo zonyango
Iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo zikwabonisa isakhono esikhulu kwicandelo lesixhobo sonyango, ngakumbi kwizixhobo zonyango ezifakelwayo (umz., i-pacemakers, neurostimulators, njl.njl.), ezifuna umthombo wamandla ozinzileyo ixesha elide. Ukhuseleko oluphezulu kunye neempawu zobomi obude beebhetri zelizwe eziqinileyo zinokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezingqongqo zezi zicelo, ukunciphisa inani lamaxesha okudinga ukutshintshwa kweebhetri kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko kunye nokuphazamiseka kwizigulane.
Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla
Njengoko usetyenziso lwamandla ahlaziyekayo lusanda, iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo nazo zidlala indima kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zokugcina amandla. Zingasetyenziselwa ukugcina umbane owenziwe kumandla elanga okanye omoya, ukubonelela ngesisombululo esisebenzayo nesikhuselekileyo sokugcina amandla. Ubuninzi bamandla kunye nokuzinza kweebhetri ze-slid-state zibenza bafaneleke ukusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezifana nokulawulwa kwegridi, i-peak kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-valley tariff, kunye nokunika amandla kwiindawo ezikude.
Yintoni omawuyiqwalasele xa ukhetha ibhetri yesimo esiqinileyo?
Le miba ilandelayo kufuneka iqwalaselwe xa ukhetha ibhetri yelizwe eliqinileyo njengesisombululo samandla:
Izicelo ezineemfuno eziphezulu zokhuseleko
Iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo zinika umgangatho ophezulu wokhuseleko ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwazo i-electrolytes eqinile, engaphantsi kokuvuza kwaye ayinakwenzeka ukubamba umlilo okanye ukuqhuma xa kwenzeka ukutshaja, ukushisa, okanye umonakalo womzimba. Kwizicelo apho ukhuseleko luyinkxalabo ephambili, njengezithuthi zombane, izixhobo ze-aerospace, kunye nezixhobo ezifakelwayo zonyango, iibhetri ze-slid-state yinto ekhethwayo.
Izixhobo ezifuna ubomi obude
Iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo ngokuqhelekileyo zinika ubomi bomjikelezo obude kuneebhetri ze-lithium-ion zendabuko kuba zinciphisa ukusabela kweekhemikhali ezinobungozi ezinokuthi zenzeke phakathi kwe-electrolyte kunye ne-electrodes. Iibhetri ezikwimeko eqinileyo zilungele kakhulu izixhobo ezifuna ukusebenza ixesha elide okanye apho ukutshintshwa rhoqo kwebhetri kunzima, njengezixhobo ezithile zonyango ezifakelwayo okanye izixhobo zokubeka iliso ezikude.
Usetyenziso kwiindawo ezigqithisileyo
Iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo inokusebenza ngokuzinzileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lobushushu, ibenze bafanelekele iimeko zokusingqongileyo ezigqithisileyo. Kwizixhobo ezifuna ukusebenza kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu okanye aphantsi, njengezixhobo zangaphandle, ii-detectors, okanye izixhobo zokusebenza kwimizi-mveliso ethile, iibhetri eziqinileyo zibonelela ngokusebenza okuthembekileyo.
Ii-aplikeshini ezinendawo encinci yesixhobo
Iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo zixinene ngakumbi kwaye zinokwenziwa zibe ncinci, zibonelela ngokuguquguquka okukhulu koyilo. Kwizicelo apho isithuba silinganiselwe okanye iibhetri ezibunjwe ngendlela engekho mgangathweni ziyafuneka, ezifana nezinto ezinxitywayo kunye ne-compact electronics, iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo zikhethwa ngenxa yobuchule bazo obuphezulu bokwenza ngokwezifiso.
Iindlela zetekhnoloji
Ibhetri yemeko eqinileyo Itekhnoloji yenye yeendawo zangoku kwintsimi yophando lwebhetri kunye nophuhliso, ebonisa iindlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kwimiba emininzi.
Izinto ezintsha ezintsha
Inzululwazi yezeMathiriyeli idlala indima engundoqo kuphuhliso lweebhetri zombuso oqinileyo. Uphando lwangoku lujolise ekufumaneni nasekusebenziseni izinto ezintsha eziqinileyo ze-electrolyte ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-lithium ion, ukunciphisa i-impedance, kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza kwebhetri ngokubanzi. Ii-electrolyte ze-inorganic solid-state (umz., iisulfides, ii-oxides, kunye neephosphates) kunye ne-electrolyte esekwe kwipolymer yimizila emibini ephambili yophando.
Itekhnoloji yolawulo lwe-interface
Umceli mngeni ophambili ekusebenzeni kwebhetri yesimo esiqinileyo yi-interface phakathi kwe-electrode kunye ne-electrolyte, kubandakanywa i-impedance interfacial kunye nokwakheka kwe-lithium dendrite. Abaphandi baphuhlisa itekhnoloji entsha kunye nemathiriyeli yokugquma ukuze balawule kwaye baphucule olu nxibelelwano ukunyusa uzinzo lokuhamba ngebhayisikile kunye nobomi beebhetri. Uthutho lwe-lithium ion olusebenzayo ngakumbi kunye nokusebenza okungcono kwebhetri kukonke kunokufezekiswa ngobunjineli be-interfacial.
Inkqubela phambili kwiteknoloji yokuvelisa
As iibhetri eziqinileyo ukutshintshela kurhwebo, iindleko zemveliso kunye nempumelelo yokuvelisa yingqwalasela ephambili. Uphando kunye nophuhliso lujolise kubuchwepheshe obulungelelanisa inkqubo yokuvelisa, ukunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa, kunye nokunyusa izinga lemveliso. Oku kubandakanya ukuphuculwa kweendlela zokuhlanganisa ibhetri kunye nokuphuhlisa ubuchwephesha obuthembekileyo be-electrolyte kunye nokuveliswa kwe-electrode.
Ukudityaniswa kwezinto ezininzi
Iibhetri zexesha elizayo eziqinileyo azinakuba ziinkqubo zokugcina amandla kuphela, kodwa ziya kudibanisa ukuva, ukuziphilisa kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi. Ngokomzekelo, ngokufaka i-sensors kwibhetri, kuya kwenzeka ukubeka iliso kwimpilo kunye nokusebenza kwebhetri ngexesha langempela, ukuqikelela nokuthintela ukungaphumeleli okunokwenzeka.
Umgca osezantsi
Iibhetri zombuso oqinileyo imele intuthuko enkulu kubuchwepheshe bebhetri. Eyona nto iphambili kubo kukusetyenziswa kwee-electrolyte eziqinileyo endaweni yolwelo lwemveli okanye ijel electrolyte, ephucula kakhulu ukhuseleko lwebhetri, ukuxinana kwamandla, kunye nobomi. Iingenelo eziphambili zeebhetri zombuso oqinileyo ziquka ukhuseleko oluphuculweyo, ubomi obude, kunye nokuxinana kwamandla aphezulu.
Ubuchwephesha bebhetri bubonisa amandla obuninzi bezicelo kwiindawo ezifana neenqwelo zombane, i-electronics ephathekayo, izixhobo zonyango kunye neenkqubo zokugcina amandla. Okwangoku, uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yebhetri yesimo esiqinileyo igxile ekuveliseni izinto ezintsha, ulawulo lojongano kunye nokuphucula inkqubo yokwenziwa.
Nangona imingeni ihleli kwinkqubo yokuthengisa, kunye nophando olongezelelweyo kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, iibhetri eziqinileyo zilindeleke ukuba zibe namandla abalulekileyo kwimarike yebhetri ezayo, ukubonelela ngezisombululo zamandla ezikhuselekileyo nezisebenzayo kwiintlobo ezininzi zezicelo.
Okokugqibela, ukuba unomdla wokuthengela ikhaya lakho okanye ishishini ibhetri eqinileyo, nceda undwendwele oku ikhonkco.
