Iiinjini zomoya ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa imisinga yomoya yendalo. Ezi jenereyitha ziquka iiinjini zomoya eziphakamileyo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo eziphucukileyo eziguqula amandla omoya abe ngumbane ococekileyo. Ngokufanelekileyo kwiindawo ezinomoya ovuthuzayo, zingundoqo ekunciphiseni ukuxhomekeka kumafutha e-fossil kunye nokwandisa ukhuseleko lwamandla. Nokuba zibonelela ngombane kwizixeko okanye kwiindawo ezikude, iiinjini zomoya zibonelela ngesisombululo esisebenzayo samandla ahlaziyekayo.
Eli nqaku liza kunika intshayelelo emfutshane iinjuba zomoya kwaye emva koko uphonononge izinto eziphambili ekufuneka uziqwalasele xa kuthengwa i-injini yomoya, ukuquka ukusebenza kwazo ngokwasezimalini kunye nentsingiselo yetekhnoloji yamva nje ngo-2024.
Isiqulatho
Yintoni ijenereyitha yamandla omoya?
ukwakhiwa
uhlelo
Iziganeko zesicelo
Yintoni ekufuneka uyiqwalasele xa ukhetha ijenereyitha yamandla omoya?
Ukubakho kwemali
Iindlela zetekhnoloji
Umgca osezantsi
Yintoni ijenereyitha yamandla omoya?
A ijenereyitha yamandla omoya sisixhobo esisebenzisa amandla omoya ukuguqulela kumbane, obubuchwephesha obungundoqo ukuphumeza ukuveliswa kwamandla omoya. Ijenereyitha yamandla omoya ibamba amandla omoya ngeencakuba zayo, iqhube i-rotor shaft ukuba ijikelezise, ize iguqule amandla omatshini abe ngamandla ombane ngokusebenzisa iseti yejenereyitha.
Iiinjini zomoya zihlala zixhonywa kwiinqaba ezinde ukuze zibambe umoya ozinze ngakumbi kunye namandla. Olu hlobo lokuvelisa amandla luvuselelwa ngokupheleleyo, lucocekile, kwaye aluvelisi ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse okanye ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo, kwaye ke ngoko kuthathwa njengowona mthombo ubalulekileyo wamandla ohlaza.
Ngokuxhomekeke kuyilo kunye nokusetyenziswa, iiinjini zomoya zingahlelwa ngokweendidi ezimbini eziphambili: i-axis ethe tyaba kunye ne-axis ethe nkqo, apho i-axis ethe tye. iinjuba zomoya zilawula imarike ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuphezulu kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo. Ubuchwephesha bamandla omoya bunembali ende yophuhliso, ukusuka kwii-windmills ezilula ezisetyenziselwa ukumpompa amanzi kunye nokusila ukutya okuziinkozo ukuya kwii-injini zomoya zanamhlanje ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu ezinika amandla acocekileyo kwiglowubhu.
Uyilo nolwakhiwo lweeinjini zomoya zale mihla ludibanisa iziphumo zenzululwazi yemathiriyeli ephucukileyo, inzululwazi ngemozulu kunye nezinye iinkalo ezininzi. Njengoko ithekhnoloji iqhubekile nokuhambela phambili, iiinjini zomoya ziye zaba nkulu, zisebenza kakuhle, kwaye ziyakwazi ukusebenza kwizantya zomoya ezisezantsi, ziphucula kakhulu uqoqosho kunye nokusebenza kweeprojekthi zamandla omoya.
Kwangaxeshanye, uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lobuchwepheshe bamandla omoya luzuze kwimfuno ekhulayo yehlabathi yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo, kwaye amandla omoya abe yenye yezona teknoloji zamandla ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi.
ukwakhiwa
A umoya ohamba nomoya iqulathe amacandelo amaninzi angundoqo, alandelayo ngawona malungu aphambili einjini yomoya:
Amabhanqa
Iiblades licandelo eliphambili elibamba umoya kwaye liwuguqule libe ngamandla ajikelezayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwe ngezinto ezikhaphukhaphu kwaye ezomeleleyo, ezifana ne-fiberglass okanye i-carbon fiber composites, ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa ukuxhathisa umoya.
Ukujikeleza
I-rotor, ebandakanya ii-blades kunye ne-hub, ngumthombo wamandla we-injini yomoya. Njengoko umoya uvuthuza phezu kwee-blades, i-rotor iyajika, iguqule amandla e-kinetic omoya kumandla omatshini.
Generator
Ijenereyitha licandelo eliguqula amandla oomatshini abe ngamandla ombane. Itholakala phezulu kwinqaba kwaye ixhunywe kwi-rotor nge-shaft. Njengoko i-rotor ijikeleza, i-generator ivelisa i-alternating current (AC) okanye i-current current (DC) yokusetyenziswa kwigridi okanye kwindlela yokuma yodwa.
Tower
Inqaba ixhasa i-superstructure ye-injini yomoya, kubandakanywa amaqabunga, i-rotor kunye nejeneretha. Ukuphakama kwenqaba kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kweinjini yomoya, njengoko isantya somoya sinyuka ngokuphakama.
Inkqubo yepitch
Inkqubo yepitch ilawula i-engile yeencakuba, okanye i-engile yepitch, ukuziqhelanisa nezantya zomoya ezahlukeneyo kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwejenereyitha. Inkqubo yepitch ikhusela ijenereyitha emonakalweni ngokulungelelanisa i-angle yeeblades ukunciphisa amandla omoya ngexesha lesantya esiphezulu somoya.
Inkqubo ye-Yaw
Inkqubo yokulawula i-yaw inoxanduva lokuqhelanisa i-injini yomoya ukuba ijongane nomoya. Kwi-horizontal axis wind turbines, inkqubo ye-yaw iqinisekisa ukuba i-rotor isoloko ijongene nomoya ukuze ikhulise ukubamba amandla omoya.
Inkqubo yo lawulo
Inkqubo yolawulo yingqondo yeinjini yomoya. Ibeka iliso kwaye ihlengahlengise iimeko zokusebenza kwe-injini yomoya, kubandakanywa ukuqala kunye nokuvalwa, ulawulo lwe-pitch, ukulungiswa kwe-yaw, kunye nokusombulula ingxaki ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-injini yomoya isebenza ngeyona meko ilungileyo.
uhlelo
Iinjini zomoya zingahlelwa ngokweendidi ezahlukeneyo ngokusekwe kuyilo lwazo kunye neempawu zokusebenza, ingakumbi ezibandakanya:
Ihlelwe ngokweendlela zokuqhelaniswa ne-axis
Iiinjini zomoya ezithe tye (HAWTs): olu lolona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lweinjini yomoya kwaye luphawulwa yi-axis ebekwe ngokuthe tye kunye nerotha ejonge kwicala lomoya. Ii-HAWTs zinokuyilwa ukuba zibe nde kakhulu kwaye zibe nkulu ukuze zibambe amandla omoya amaninzi, kwaye zifanele ukusetyenziswa kwiifama zomoya zomgangatho worhwebo.
Iiinjini zomoya ezithe nkqo (VAWTs): Kolu yilo, i-axis ibekwe ngokuthe nkqo ukwenzela ukuba i-generator ingabikho ukukhomba umoya. Ii-VAWT ziqhelekile ukuba zibe lula kulwakhiwo kwaye zingabizi mali ininzi ukuzigcina, kodwa zisenokungasebenzi njengee-HAWT, kwaye zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezincinci okanye ubume basezidolophini.
Ihlelwa ngendawo yokuhlohla
Iiinjini zomoya elunxwemeni: Ezi zifakelwe emhlabeni kwaye zingazimela zodwa iiinjini zomoya okanye inxalenye yefama enkulu yomoya.
Iiinjini zomoya ezingaselunxwemeni: Zifakwe elwandle okanye echibini elikhulu, zibiza kakhulu ukwakha nokugcina, kodwa zinemveliso ephezulu yamandla ngenxa yezantya zomoya ezinkulu nezingaguquguqukiyo kude nonxweme.
Ihlelwa ngokomthamo
Iiinjini zomoya ezincinci: Ngokuqhelekileyo ibhekiselele kwii-injini zomoya ezinamandla okulinganisa angaphantsi kwamashumi ambalwa e-kilowatts, kwaye zifanelekile ukunikezelwa kwamandla okuzimeleyo kumakhaya, amashishini amancinci okanye kwiindawo ezikude.
Iiinjini zomoya ezinkulu: Amandla alinganisiweyo asuka kumakhulu aliqela eekilowathi ukuya kwiimegawathi ezininzi, kwaye asetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiifama zomoya zorhwebo ezinkulu ukunika amandla kwigridi.
Ihlelwa ngokwesicelo
Iiinjini zomoya eziqhagamshelwe kwigridi: Umbane oveliswa zezi turbines unikezelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwigridi yamandla kwaye luhlobo oluqhelekileyo losetyenziso lwamandla omoya amakhulu.
Iiinjini zomoya ezingaphandle kwegridi: Isetyenziswe apho kungabikho ukufikelela kwigridi, kaninzi ngokubambisana neebhetri kunye / okanye ezinye iintlobo zeejeneretha ukunika amandla kwiindawo ezikude okanye iinkqubo ezizimeleyo.
Ihlelwa ngokodidi lwejenereyitha
Iiinjini zomoya ezisisigxina: uyilo lwemveli oluhamba ngesantya esisisigxina, olulula kodwa alusebenzi kakhulu.
Injini yomoya yesantya esiguquguqukayo: iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokusetyenziswa kwamandla omoya ngokulungelelanisa isantya ukulungiselela utshintsho kwisantya somoya.
Iziganeko zesicelo
Iiinjini zomoya zinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo njengobuchwephesha bamandla ahlaziyekayo. Apha ngezantsi ziimeko ezingundoqo zosetyenziso lweeinjini zomoya:
Iifama zomoya zorhwebo
Enye yeemeko ezixhaphakileyo zesicelo ziifama ezinkulu zomoya zorhwebo, eziquka amashumi ukuya kumakhulu eeinjini zomoya ezifakelwe emhlabeni okanye elwandle. Banikezela ngezixa ezikhulu zombane kwigridi, ukunceda ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse.
Umoya woluntu
Iiprojekthi zomoya zasekuhlaleni zincinci, zihlala ziqhutywa luluntu okanye amashishini amancinci, kwaye ziyilelwe ukubonelela ngombane kuluntu lwengingqi. Ezi projekthi zinceda ukukhuthaza ukuzimela kwamandla kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo kuluntu, ngelixa kwandisa ulwazi kunye nokwamkelwa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo phakathi kwabahlali.
Ubonelelo lombane ongekho kwigridi
Ii-injini zomoya ezincinci zingasetyenziswa njengesisombululo samandla angaphandle kwegridi ukubonelela umbane kubahlali kunye nezixhobo ezincinci kwiindawo ezikude okanye apho igridi ingekagubungeli indawo. Ezi nkqubo zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa kunye neepaneli zelanga kunye neebhetri ukwenza iinkqubo zamandla ezixubileyo eziqinisekisa ukuzinza kokunikezelwa kwamandla.
Usetyenziso lwaselwandle
Iiinjini zomoya ezingaselunxwemeni sebenzisa imimoya enamandla elwandle kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kumazwe athile aselunxwemeni nakwimimandla. Ukongeza kwimveliso yamandla emveli, ubuchwephesha bamandla omoya ophuma elunxwemeni bunokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezifana nokukhupha ityuwa kunye nophuhliso lobutyebi baselwandle.
Yintoni ekufuneka uyiqwalasele xa ukhetha ijenereyitha yamandla omoya?
Xa ukhetha i-injini yomoya, ezi zinto zilandelayo kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo:
Iindawo ezinemithombo eyaneleyo yomoya
Okokuqala, umthombo womoya wesiza sofakelo esinokubakho kufuneka uvavanywe. Ii-injini zomoya zikulungele ukufakela kwiindawo ezinezantya zomoya eziphakamileyo nezingaguqukiyo, njengaselunxwemeni, amathafa avulekileyo, iincopho zeentaba, okanye ezinye iindawo ezingavalwanga. Uvavanyo lobutyebi bomoya luya kuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwesiza esithile sokuvelisa amandla omoya.
Iimfuno zonikezelo lwamandla amakhulu
Kwiimeko ezifuna umthamo omkhulu wonikezelo lwamandla, njengeepaki zemizi-mveliso, izibonelelo zorhwebo ezinkulu okanye unikezelo lwamandla esixeko, ukuseka ifama yomoya lukhetho olusebenzayo. Iifama zomoya zinokubonelela ngesixa esikhulu samandla acocekileyo kwigridi kwaye zincede ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili.
Izisombululo zamandla angaphandle kwegridi
Kwiindawo ezikude okanye iindawo ezingekagutyungelwa yigridi, iinjuba zomoya inokubonelela ngesisombululo samandla angaphandle kwegridi ukunika amandla kubahlali, iziza zophando ezikude okanye izibonelelo zabakhenkethi ezikude. Ngokukodwa kwimimandla apho izibonelelo zomoya zininzi, ii-injini zomoya zilungele ukukhusela amandla ombane.
Iindleko zamandla kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwezoqoqosho
Kwiindawo apho iindleko zombane ziphezulu okanye zilindeleke ukuba zinyuke, utyalo-mali kumandla omoya lunokuba licebo lokubiyela elinokunciphisa iindleko zamandla kwixesha elide. Ngelixa utyalo-mali lokuqala kwiiinjini zomoya kunye neziseko ezingundoqo ezinxulumeneyo lukhulu, iindleko zokusebenza ziphantsi kwaye uqoqosho lulonke lomoya njengomthombo wasimahla lulungile.
Ukubakho kwemali
Ukuba nokwenzeka kwemali ye iijenereyitha ezisebenza ngomoya ibandakanya imiba emininzi ebandakanya iindleko zofakelo lokuqala, ubungakanani benkqubo, ubungakanani bomthamo, kunye neendleko zonyaka zokulondolozwa kunye nobomi benkqubo. Nantsi imizekelo emibini emifutshane yokukunceda uvavanye ukusebenza kweejenereyitha eziqhutywa ngumoya kusetyenziso lwasekhaya kunye norhwebo.
| ye parameter | Indawo yokuhlala encinci | Iprojekthi yoRhwebo |
| Imfuno yesantya somoya esiphakathi | Ubuncinci 4.5 m/s | Ubuncinci i-4.5 m/s, iinkqubo ezinkulu zinokufuna ngaphezulu |
| Iindleko zofakelo lokuqala | ~US$5,000 | ~US$3,000,000 |
| Ubungakanani benkqubo | ~5kW | ~ 3 MW |
| Umthamo wemeko | ~20%(10~30%) | ~35%(20~50%) |
| Ukuveliswa kombane ngonyaka | ~8000 kWh | ~8.4 yezigidi kWh |
| Ixabiso eliphakathi lombane | US$ 0.17/kWh | US$ 0.13/kWh |
| Iindleko zonyaka zokulungisa | US$ 0 - $200 | ~US$20,000 |
| Ukongiwa kweendleko zombane ngonyaka | ~US$1300 | ~US$1090,000 |
| Ubomi benkqubo | iminyaka 20 | Iminyaka eli-20 ukuya kwengama-25 |
| Ukuthengiswa kombane okunokwenzeka | Kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo-nkqubo yegridi yendawo | Amandla amakhulu, ngakumbi kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu |
Iindlela zetekhnoloji
Amandla omoya Itekhnoloji ifumana ukukhula okukhawulezayo kunye nokuqamba izinto ezintsha, kwaye oku kulandelayo ziintsingiselo eziphambili kubuchwepheshe bamandla omoya:
Ii turbines ezinkulu nezisebenzayo
Ngokuhambela phambili kwinzululwazi yemathiriyeli kunye nobunjineli, izizukulwana ezitsha zeeinjini zomoya ziya ziba nkulu kwaye zisebenza kakuhle. Iiinjini zomoya ezinkulu ziyakwazi ukubamba amandla omoya amaninzi kwaye zisebenze kwizantya zomoya ezisezantsi, ziphucula ukuveliswa kwamandla nokuthembeka. Ngokukodwa kwintsimi yamandla omoya olwandle, ukusetyenziswa kwee turbines ezinkulu kuya kuxhaphaka ngakumbi.
Itekhnoloji yamandla omoya adadayo
Ubuchwephesha bomoya obudadayo buvumela iiinjini zomoya ukuba zibekwe kwiindawo ezinzulu zamanzi, zandisa ngokuphawulekayo uluhlu lweefama zomoya ezifumaneka ngaphandle konxweme. Le teknoloji ixhasa iinjuba zomoya ngamaqonga adadayo kumphezulu wamanzi, ukuvumela iiprojekthi zomoya ukuba zifikelele kwimithombo yomoya eyomeleleyo nezinzileyo kude nonxweme.
Ubukrelekrele kunye nedijithali
Ulawulo olukrelekrele kunye nokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kweefama zomoya yenye indlela ebalulekileyo. Ngokusebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-Intanethi yeZinto (IoT), uhlalutyo lwedatha enkulu kunye nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa (AI), abaqhubi bayakwazi ukubeka iliso kwimo ye-turbine ngexesha langempela, ukuqikelela iimfuno zokugcinwa, ukukhulisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokugcinwa.
Ukuhlanganiswa kokugcinwa kwamandla
Ukudibanisa iinkqubo zokugcina amandla kunye neefama zomoya kuye kwenzeka njengoko ixabiso logcino lwamandla liyancipha kwaye nokusebenza kuphucuka. Ugcino lwamandla alulungelelanisi kuphela ubume bexeshana lokuveliswa kwamandla omoya, kodwa lukwaphucula ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo yamandla kunye nokunyusa ixabiso lamandla omoya kwimarike yamandla.
Inkqubo yolawulo lwepitch eyandisiweyo
Ngokwandisa ngakumbi inkqubo yokulawula isandi, isizukulwana esitsha seeinjini zomoya siyakwazi ukunyenyisa i-engile yeblade ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi ukuze iqhelane nokutshintsha kwezantya zomoya kunye nezalathiso, ukonyusa amandla okwenziwa kombane ngelixa kuncitshiswa imithwalo yesakhiwo kunye nokwandisa ubomi beinjini yomoya.
Umgca osezantsi
Iinjini zomoya, ezisebenzisa amandla omoya ukuwaguqulela ekubeni ngumbane, zezona zixhobo zingundoqo zococeko, ubuchwephesha bamandla ahlaziyekayo. Njengoko imfuno yehlabathi yamandla azinzileyo isanda, amandla omoya abe yindlela ephambili yokufumana amandla acocekileyo. Iindlela zetekhnoloji zibonisa ukuba ii-injini zomoya zangoku ziyavela zibe nkulu kwaye zisebenze ngakumbi.
Ezi nkqubela phambili aziphuculi nje kuphela ukusebenza kunye nokuthembeka kwamandla omoya, kodwa zibonelela ngamathuba amatsha ombane omoya ukuba asetyenziswe kwiindawo ezikude, kude nonxweme, nakwiimeko zasedolophini. Ngokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kunye nokunciphisa iindleko, iiinjini zomoya ziya kuqhubeka ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimarike yamandla yehlabathi.
Okokugqibela, ukuba unomdla wokuthenga ijenereyitha yamandla omoya yekhaya lakho okanye ishishini, ungandwendwela oku ikhonkco.
