Ukongeza kwiindleko zombane, ixabiso le-hydrogen lixhomekeke kakhulu kwiindleko zotyalo-mali zangaphambili ze-electrolyzer. Okukhona zisezantsi iiyure zomthwalo ogcweleyo, kokukhona impembelelo enkulu. Umhlalutyi weBloombergNEF (BNEF) ubona inani leendlela ezahlukeneyo ezinokubakho ukuze imarike iphuhlise.
Zonke i-electrolyzers zine-teknoloji-specific stack kwiziko labo, apho amanzi ahlulwe abe yi-hydrogen kunye ne-oxygen. Oku kubandakanya iipleyiti ezifakwe ngokucokisekileyo, ezingagungqiyo kwigesi, ezidityanisiweyo ze-bipolar kunye neembrane zeplastiki - phakathi kweendleko eziphambili kwiplanti ye-electrolysis. UXiaoting Wang, umhlalutyi waseBloombergNEF, uthethe neenkampani ezingama-20 kwihlabathi jikelele njengenxalenye yenkampani “Electrolysis System Capex [inkcitho eyinkunzi] inokwehla ngama-30% ngo-2025” kuphononongo. Oku kwamnika ingqiqo kulwakhiwo lweendleko zeeprojekthi ezingama-30 kwaye kwenza ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukumisela amacandelo exabiso leplanti ye-alkaline electrolysis ye-10 MW e-China ngo-2021, njengomzekelo.
I-stack ibalwa malunga ne-33% yeendleko zizonke, wathi u-Wang, kunye ne-40% yeendleko ezivela kwezinye izixhobo zobugcisa, kuquka i-electronics yamandla, igesi kunye nokwahlukana kolwelo, kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwegesi (jonga itshathi engezantsi). Enye i-27% yeendleko ibangelwe zezinye iindleko zeprojekthi, ezifana nobunjineli bokwakha, ukufakela izixhobo, kunye nezindlu.
ialkaline yaseTshayina
Ingxelo ye-BNEF yathi inkqubo yealkaline ye-10 MW isoloko iqulathe izixa ezibini ze-5 MW ezihambisa i-hydrogen kwi-16 bar. Umenzi udla ngokunika isisombululo esipheleleyo kunye nazo zonke izixhobo kunye nokufakwa. Abaphuhlisi baseTshayina bafumene isipho esinjalo ngo-2021 ngexabiso elincinci njenge-$ 303 / kW - oko kukuthi, isamba se-€ 3 yezigidi (i-3.2 yezigidi zeedola). Oku akuzange kuquke umrhumo woqhagamshelo kwigridi, ii-high-voltage transformers, okanye ezinye iindleko “ezithambileyo” ezifana neendleko zophuhliso, ukuvunywa kunye nezivumelwano zemali.
UWang uthe iindleko zeprojekthi kwiimarike zaseNtshona ezinee-electrolyzers eziveliswe ekhaya zijikeleze ngokuphindwe kane. Iindleko zotyalo-mali zilinganiselwa kwi-€1,200/kW kwi-electrolyzers yealkaline kunye ne-1,400/kW ye-proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers.
Izibonelelo ezingabizi kakhulu, ezifana ne-€ 180/kW, esuka kwi-Peric yesityalo se-80 MW e-China; okanye € 521 / kW, ukusuka e-Thyssenkrupp kwisityalo se-2 GW e-Saudi Arabia, ayifaki zonke iindleko zeprojekthi kwaye, ngoko ke, ayinakuthelekiswa. Zibandakanya izitaki ze-electrolysis, ukwahlula ulwelo lwegesi kunye nokucocwa, kunye nonikezelo lwamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ii-electronics zamandla kunye neekhabhathi zokulawula azibandakanywa.
U-Wang uthi lo mahluko mkhulu wexabiso ubalelwa kwiindleko eziphantsi zabasebenzi kunye nekhonkco lonikezelo olusekiweyo e-China, apho abavelisi be-electrolyzers banokufumana imathiriyeli kunye namacandelo ngamaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu kunaseNtshona. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuveliswa kwee-electrolyzers ezininzi akuzenzekelanga. Abavelisi baseTshayina bebevelisa i-electrolyzers ze-megawatt-scale kwamanye amashishini ngaphambi kokuba kubekho imfuno evela kubavelisi be-hydrogen eluhlaza, oku kuthetha ukuba baxhamle kwimveliso eyenziweyo. Abathengi abakhoyo baquka abavelisi bepolysilicon yeeseli ze-photovoltaic.
Uhlalutyo lweBloomberg, ukususela ngoSeptemba ka-2022, lubanga ukuba abavelisi baseNtshona banokufikelela kwiindleko eziphantsi ezifanayo. Ukwenza oko, kuya kufuneka basebenzise imveliso ezenzekelayo kakhulu. UWang uthe ulindele ukuthotywa kwamaxabiso okubalulekileyo kwangoko ngo-2025 (jonga itshathi ephambili ngasentla). Amaxabiso ka-2021 nawo asabandakanya imida eyaneleyo yobunjineli, ukuthenga, kunye nokwakha (EPC) iinkampani. Uphuhliso lwexesha elide lubonisa ukuba amaxabiso eeprojekthi ze-electrolysis aya kudibana kwihlabathi liphela ukusuka kwi-2035.
Abatyali-mali baseNtshona bakholisa ukuphathisa inkampani ye-EPC ngokuphathwa kweprojekthi yonke ngesambuku, kunye nokuxhomekeka kwiinkampani ezinkulu, ezaziwayo. Iinkampani ezinjalo zihlala zinamava amancinci ekwakhiweni kwezityalo ze-electrolysis, nangona kunjalo, ngoko ke iintlawulo zokhuseleko kwixabiso lokunikezelwa ngokubanzi ziphezulu. Ngokunyuka kwamava kunye nokungena kwabacwangcisi beeprojekthi ezikhethekileyo, okukhokelela kukhuphiswano olungakumbi, ezi ntlawulo zongezelelweyo kufuneka zehle.
Izikhongozeli ezenziweyo
Ababoneleli bezixhobo nabo bazabalazela ukubonelela ngeemveliso ezinciphisa umsebenzi kwisiza sokwakha, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko. Enye intsingiselo exhasa oku kuphuhliso lweenkqubo ezinemigqomo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinxalenye zesixokelelwano ezahlukeneyo akunyanzelekanga ukuba zidityaniswe kwisiza kodwa endaweni yoko zifakwe ngaphambili kumzi-mveliso, zivavanywe, zize zisiwe kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo. Oku kunciphisa imithombo yempazamo kwaye kunciphisa ixesha lokusasazwa kwabasebenzi abaziingcali kwisiza.
Kuhlaziyo kuhlalutyo lwayo lwemarike, iBloomberg inike ingxelo malunga nonikezelo lwezisombululo zesikhongozeli esinjalo nge-1,000 yeedola/kW. Abangaphakathi kwishishini baye babika izibonelelo eziphantsi njenge-700 yeedola / kW, utshilo uWang. Esinye isisombululo sesikhongozelo esinjalo saboniswa kwi-a pv imagazini I-webinar yaseJamani ngoFebruwari 2023. I-electrolyzer ye-PEM evela kumthengisi waseJamani i-H-Tec inemveliso ye-1 MW kwaye ivelise i-450 kg ye-hydrogen ngosuku. Ushicilelo lwe pv imagazini iiwebinars ziyafumaneka kwi-pv-magazine.com/webinars.
Abo bafuna ukunciphisa iindleko ngokuthenga i-electrolyzer evela e-China kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo ukuba iimveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zivame ukuthengiswa nge-premium malunga ne-20% ukuya kwi-30%, xa kuthelekiswa namaxabiso kwimarike yasekhaya, utshilo uBloombergNEF, oku kuthetha ukuba iindleko zophuhliso kunye neprojekthi yokucwangcisa iprojekthi iya kuba phezulu. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukuba ukukhetha uphawu lwaseTshayina ukubonelela ngezixhobo ezingundoqo kunokunciphisa ithuba leprojekthi lokufumana inkxaso-mali yasekhaya kwaye kunokuchaphazela inkxaso-mali.
Iiprojekthi zokuqala ze-hydrogen eluhlaza, kwaye zisaqhubeka, ziyilelwe ikakhulu ukutsala umbane kwigridi, kunye nosetyenziso lombane lwe-electrolyzers 'elungeleleneyo ngenyanga okanye ngonyaka ngokuchasene nokuveliswa kombane ohlaziyekayo kwababoneleli. Kule meko, ukungonakali kobugcisa be-alkaline electrolysis ngokwemiqathango yokuguquguquka akuyi kubakhathaza abaqhubi.
Nangona kunjalo, emva kwe-2030, ezininzi iiprojekthi ezintsha ze-hydrogen eziluhlaza ziya kufuneka ziqinisekise umdlalo weyure phakathi kokuveliswa kwamandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwiinkqubo ze-electrolysis ezixhunyiwe kwigridi, eziya kukhokelela kwiiprojekthi ezingaphezulu kwegridi, utshilo uWang. Lo mkhwa awukho nje ngenxa yesidingo senkcazo ecacileyo ye-hydrogen eluhlaza. Uqhagamshelo oluthe ngqo kwizityalo ezivelisa uhlaziyo kufuneka nalo luphucule ukubanakho koqoqosho kwixesha elizayo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukusebenzisa igridi ukutshintsha umbane omkhulu kuya kuxabisa ngaphezulu kwixesha elizayo. I-Electrolysis enombane wegridi ezinzileyo ayizukukwazi ukuvelisa i-hydrogen ngexabiso eliphantsi kwixesha elizayo kunamandla elanga nomoya, ngeendleko zabo zokuvelisa umbane eziphantsi.
Ukunciphisa iindleko
Kulapho i-PEM electrolyzers ingena khona. Ezi zinokulandela ngcono unikezelo lombane oluguquguqukayo kwaye zikwasebenza ngokufanelekileyo kumsebenzi wokulayisha inxenye okanye ngaphandle kwegrid. Nangona kunjalo, le teknoloji isafuna ukunciphisa kakhulu ukuxhomekeka kwayo kwiintsimbi zeqela leplatinam ebiza kakhulu, ngakumbi i-iridium, ukuze ifumane isabelo esikhulu semarike, utshilo uWang. I-Plug Power, evela eUnited States, kunye ne-ITM Power, evela eUnited Kingdom, isebenzisa iigram ezingama-200 ukuya kuma-300 e-iridium ngemegawathi yomthamo.
Imveliso yangoku yehlabathi ye-iridium imalunga neetoni ezisixhenxe zeemetric ngonyaka. Kwanokuba umthamo uphela wawusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izixhobo ze-PEM electrolysis, eli khonkco lokubonelela linokuxhasa kuphela ubuninzi be-35 GW ngonyaka. I-PEM inokulawula kuphela imarike ye-hydrogen eluhlaza ukuba abavelisi balawula ukunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwe-iridium kwiyunithi nganye kule minyaka ilishumi okanye bafezekise umphumo olinganayo ngokuhambelana nokuphuculwa kwesinyithi. U-Wang uthe i-Electric Hydrogen, umenzi omtsha wase-United States we-PEM electrolyzers, sele sele exele usebenzisa i-iridium encinci kakhulu kunabakhuphisana nabo.
Kukho nethuba lokuba i-membrane ye-anion exchange (AEM) i-electrolysis ingathatha indawo ye-PEM emva kwe-2030 kuba ayisebenzisi isinyithi ezibizayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abavelisi kufuneka baphumelele ekuphuhliseni imfumba efanelekele iiprojekthi ezinkulu. I-Enapter inguvulindlela we-AEM, isakha iimfumba ezincinci kwaye zidibanise zibe nkulu iiyunithi ze-1 MW ezisencinci xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izixhobo zombane. Inkampani yaseCalifornia iVerdagy isaqala ukuthengisa iimodyuli ze-MW ezingama-20, nganye inezixa ezimbini ze-10 MW.
Iimfumba ezinkulu
Ukuvelisa i-hydrogen eyongezelelekileyo kwisitaki esinye yenye indlela yokunciphisa iindleko. Enye indlela yokufezekisa oku kukwandisa ubungakanani besitaki ngokwaso. Esona sitaki sikhulu sorhwebo, esine-15 MW, esifike kwimarike ngoSeptemba ka-2023, sivela eLongi, ngokutsho kukaWang. Nangona ukwandisa ubungakanani besitaki kuvakala ngokuthe ngqo, sineengxaki ezininzi. Okokuqala, kuba nzima kakhulu ukuhambisa iiyunithi ezinkulu, ngakumbi kwiintengiso zamazwe ngamazwe. Okwesibini, kunye neeyunithi ezinkulu, amandla omatshini kunye noxinzelelo luba ngokungalingani, oluchaphazela ukhuseleko kwaye luhambelana nokusebenza okuphantsi.
Isivuno esingaphezulu sinokufezekiswa ngokunyusa ukuxinana kwangoku. Ngamafutshane, okukhona ii-electron ezininzi zidlula kwi-stack, kokukhona kunokuveliswa i-hydrogen. Ukusebenzisa ngokulula i-voltage ephezulu kunokunyusa ukuxinana kwangoku kodwa kunefuthe elibi ekusebenzeni kakuhle. Isicwangciso sokugcina okanye ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kukuhlaziya izakhiwo zangaphakathi kunye nokwazisa i-catalysts kunye ne-membrane eziphambili.
Ngexesha elide, kukhethwa ukwandisa ubuninzi bangoku, utshilo uWang. Amandla ePlag kunye ne-ITM Amandla ahamba phambili apha kunye noxinano lwangoku olungaphezulu kwe-3A / cm2 (i-amperes nge-cm2) ilandelwa ngumvelisi we-AEM uVerdagy, kunye ne-2A / cm2. Uninzi lwee-electrolyzers zealkaline zaseTshayina zine-0.3A/cm kuphela2. U-Wang, naye, uye wafunda kwi-Electric Hydrogen ukuba imveliso yabo iya kuba noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwangoku kunePlag Power kunye ne-ITM Power. Uqikelele ukuba, ngo-2030, uxinano lwangoku lusondele kwi-10A / cm2 iya kuba yinto eqhelekileyo kubavelisi abaseleyo be-PEM electrolyzers.
Ukhuphiswano olungakumbi
Iindleko zeemveliso zaseNtshona zinokuqala ukuwa malunga ne-30% ngo-2025. Ukongeza kwinkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe, ukhuphiswano lunokwenyuka. Abavelisi kwihlabathi jikelele babhengeze amandla emveliso angama-52.6 GW kulo nyaka ngelixa ukuhanjiswa kunethemba kuphela kwi-5 GW, ngokutsho kwengqikelelo yeBloombergNEF. E-China, apho sele kukho ukhuphiswano oluqatha lwemiyalelo evela kubaphuhlisi beprojekthi, imida yabavelisi incinci. Ukongeza, abaphuhlisi bayawunqanda umngcipheko wabo kumenzi ngokuhlawula kuphela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-85% yexabiso ekuvunyelwene ngalo ekuhanjisweni kunye nentsalela xa ugunyaziso lugqityiwe kwaye ukusebenza kusekuhle emva kweenyanga ezili-18.
Uxinzelelo alukabikho phezulu kwiimarike zaseNtshona, njengoko abatyali-mali kunye nabaphuhlisi beprojekthi eYurophu nase-United States banokuthatha inkxaso-mali ephezulu. Nangona kunjalo, amandla emveliso nawo ayanda apha kwaye iifektri kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba abavelisi baseTshayina bafuna usindiso lwabo ekuthumeleni ngaphandle, kuyabonwa kwangaphambili ukuba imfazwe yamaxabiso iya kunyuka kuzo zonke iimarike.
Iimbono kunye nezimvo ezichazwe kweli nqaku zezababhali ngokwakhe, kwaye azibonakalisi ezo zigcinwe ngu pv imagazini.
Lo mxholo ukhuselwe yi-copyright kwaye awunakuphinda usetyenziswe. Ukuba ufuna ukusebenzisana nathi kwaye ungathanda ukuphinda usebenzise omnye umxholo wethu, nceda uqhagamshelane: editors@pv-magazine.com.
Umthombo ovela pv imagazini
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